Table 5.
Intervention Effects by Content (cognitive domain targeted): Effect sizes, confidence intervals and prediction intervals
| Domain targeted | Study | Measure | n | g | Actual/ observed intervals | p | Q | df (Q) | p | I 2 | τ2 | τ | Prediction intervals | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower (95%) | Upper (95%) | Lower (95%) | Upper (95%) | ||||||||||||
| Working memory/attention | |||||||||||||||
| Carretti (2013) | Combined | 20 | 0.474 | −0.383 | 1.331 | 0.279 | |||||||||
| Gagnon (2012) | Combined | 24 | 0.893 | 0.173 | 1.613 | 0.015 | |||||||||
| Random - Observed (k = 2) | 0.720 | 0.168 | 1.271 | 0.010 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||
| Speed of information processing | |||||||||||||||
| Barnes (2009) | No outcome specifically for speed | – | – | – | – | ||||||||||
| Valdes (2012) | SOPT | 195 | −1.565 | −1.887 | −1.243 | 0.000 | |||||||||
| Random - Observed (k = 1) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||
| Language | |||||||||||||||
| No interventions exclusively in this area | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||
| Visual-spatial | |||||||||||||||
| No interventions exclusively in this area | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||
| Memory (verbal and non-verbal delay) | |||||||||||||||
| Balietti et al. (2016) | Combined | 70 | 2.824 | 2.165 | 3.483 | 0.000 | |||||||||
| Finn and McDonald (2015) | VPA-II | 24 | 0.182 | −0.592 | 0.956 | 0.645 | |||||||||
| Hampstead et al. (2012a) | Memory – Visual (Percent Change) | 21 | 1.312 | 0.399 | 2.225 | 0.005 | |||||||||
| Herrera et al. (2012) | Combined | 22 | 3.158 | 1.778 | 4.537 | 0.000 | |||||||||
| Olchik et al. (2013) | RAVLT – Delay | 30 | 0.487 | −0.221 | 1.196 | 0.178 | |||||||||
| Rapp (2002) | Combined | 16 | 0.645 | −0.317 | 1.607 | 0.189 | |||||||||
| Schmitter-Edgecombe (2014) | Memory – Delay (RBANS V + NV) | 46 | 0.293 | −0.278 | 0.865 | 0.314 | |||||||||
| Random - Observed (k = 7) | 1.219 | 0.338 | 2.100 | 0.007 | 51.777 | 6 | 0.000 | 88.412 | 1.219 | 1.104 | −1.8453 | 4.2833 | |||
| HKSJ Point Estimate Adjustment (SMD) | 1.099 | 0.008 | 2.190 | 0.049 | |||||||||||
| Executive functions | |||||||||||||||
| No interventions exclusively in this area | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||
| Multiple domain and lifestyle | |||||||||||||||
| Barban et al. (2016) | Combined | 106 | 0.097 | −0.285 | 0.478 | 0.619 | |||||||||
| Buschert et al. (2011) | Combined | 22 | 0.154 | −0.719 | 1.027 | 0.730 | |||||||||
| Fiatarone Singh et al. (2014) | Combined | 22 | 0.184 | −0.388 | 0.756 | 0.528 | |||||||||
| Finn and McDonald (2011) | Combined | 16 | 0.427 | −0.564 | 1.417 | 0.399 | |||||||||
| Forster et al. (2011) | Combined | 18 | 0.427 | −0.564 | 1.417 | 0.399 | |||||||||
| Giuli et al. (2016) | Combined | 97 | 0.511 | 0.108 | 0.915 | 0.013 | |||||||||
| Jeong et al. (2016) | Combined | 147 | 0.084 | −0.261 | 0.428 | 0.634 | |||||||||
| Lam et al. (2015) | Combined | 276 | 0.074 | −0.162 | 0.310 | 0.539 | |||||||||
| Mowszowski et al. (2014) | Combined | 40 | 0.268 | −0.364 | 0.900 | 0.406 | |||||||||
| Polito et al. (2015) | Combined | 44 | 0.063 | −0.517 | 0.644 | 0.831 | |||||||||
| Rojas (2013) | Combined | 30 | 0.894 | 0.156 | 1.631 | 0.018 | |||||||||
| Tsolaki (2011) | Combined | 176 | 0.424 | 0.122 | 0.727 | 0.006 | |||||||||
| Vidovich (2015) | Combined | 155 | 0.146 | −0.169 | 0.461 | 0.363 | |||||||||
| Random - Observed (k = 13) | 0.230 | 0.108 | 0.352 | 0.000 | 12.713 | 12 | 0.390 | 5.612 | 0.003 | 0.054 | 0.0475 | 0.4125 | |||
| HKSJ Point Estimate Adjustment (SMD) | 0.232 | 0.094 | 0.370 | 0.003 | |||||||||||