Table 2.
Personality, alcoholism and polymorphic genetic markers
| Study | N (M %) | Age (mean ± SD) | Ethnicity/nationality | Diagnosis | Personality scale/inventory | Gene | Polymorphism | Allele/genotype frequencies by groups | Association personality–polymorphism |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sander et al. (1997) | 252 P (100%), 197 HC (n.a.) |
41.9 ± 9.4 n.a. |
German | ICD-10 AD (252/252), AD\DPD (56/252) | TPQ | DRD4 | exon III 48 bp VNTR | n.s. | n.s. |
| Bau et al. (1999) | 110 P (100%) | 41 | Caucasian | DSM-III AD | TPQ | DRD4 | exon III 48 bp VNTR | n.s. | ↓ HA—7R+ vs 7R− carriers |
| Thome et al. (1999) | 94 P (77%), 70 HC (60%) |
43.3 ± 10 29.8 ± 8.7 |
n.a. | DSM-III-R, ICD-10 AD | TPQ | DRD3 | rs6280 | ↑ A1 in P vs HC ↓ A2 in P vs HC ↑ A1/A1 in P vs HC |
↑ NS in P vs HC with A1/A2 vs A1/A1 P carrying A1/A2: ↑ NS > NS global median of P |
| Bau et al. (2000) | 115 P (100%), 114 HC (50%) |
41 (n.a.) |
Caucasian | DSM-III-R AD, ASPD | TPQ | ANKK1 | rs1800497 | ↑ A1/A1, A1/A2 vs A2/A2 in P vs HC ↑ A1/A2 vs A1/A1, A2/A2 in P vs HC |
HA × A1 predicts the number of physiologic dependence symptoms and ASPD symptoms HA—number of antisocial personality symptoms in A1 carriers |
| Sander et al. (2000) | 338 P (82%), 250 HC (39%) |
42.9 ± 9.3 44.9 ± 17.2 |
German | ICD-10 AD (338/338), AD\DPD (56/338) | TPQ | HTR1B | rs6296 | ↑ C/C in AD\DPD vs AD non-DPD | n.s. |
| Bau et al. (2001) | 114 P (n.a.) 112 HC (n.a.) |
n.a. | Caucasian | AD (n.a.) | NS (scale n.a.) |
DRD4,
SLC6A3/DAT1 |
exon III 48 bp VNTR, rs28363170 40 bp VNTR |
n.s. | ↑ NS—DRD4 7/* # × DAT1 10/10§ in AD |
| Preuss et al. (2001) | 135 P (79%) | 41.8 ± 8.8 | German | DSM-IV, ICD-10 AD (135/135), ASPD (25/135), BPD (23/135) |
BIS | HTR2A | rs6311 | n.s. | ↓ BIS—A/A (significant even after excluding ASPD, BDP) |
| Samochowiec et al. (2002) | 72 P (100%) | 44 ± 10 | German | ICD-10 AD | TPQ | SLC6A2/NET | rs5569 | n.s. | ↑ RD—A |
| Soyka et al. (2002) | 181 P (76%) | 40.6 ± 8.8 | German | DSM-IV, ICD-10 AD | TCI, SSS, NEO-FFI | DRD4 | exon III 48 bp VNTR | n.s. | n.s. |
| Koller et al. (2003) | 169 P (100%), 72 HC (100%) |
41.8 ± 8 42.2 ± 13.2 |
German | DSM-IV, ICD-10 AD | BIS, BDHI, LTHA | MAO-A | uVNTR 30 bp | n.s. | n.s. |
| Ponce et al. (2003) | 103 P (100%) | 41.2 ± 9.72 | Spanish | DSM- III-R AD (103/103), IPDE-DSM-IV ASPD (34/103) |
/ | ANKK1 | rs1800497 | ↑ ASPD in A1/A1, A1/A2 vs A2/A2 | A1 carriers >risk for ASPD |
| Soyka et al. (2004a) | 164 P (80%) | 41.3 ± 9.5 | German | DSM-IV, ICD-10 AD (164/164), ASPD (73/164), CD (41/164), ASPD\CD (34/164) |
/ | HTR1B | rs6296 | ↓ C in CD#, ASPD\CD§ | n.s. |
| Soyka et al. (2004b) | 170 P (75%) | 41.3 ± 9.6 | German | DSM-IV, ICD-10 AD | TCI | CRH1 | rs110402, rs171440, rs1396862, rs878886 | n.s. | n.s. |
| Anghelescu et al. (2005) | 159 P (68%) 161 HC (60%) |
43.4 ± 6.9 41.9 ± 9.1 |
Caucasian | DSM-IV AD | TCI | TPH | rs1800532 | ↑ A/A, C/C in P vs HC | ↓ PE—A/A in HC vs P§ |
| Koller et al. (2006) | 185 P (81%) | 41.55 ± 6.6 | German | DSM-IV, ICD-10 AD | NEO-FFI, TCI | HTR1A | rs6295 | n.s. | n.s. |
| Lin et al. (2007) | 133 P (86%) | 38.9 ± 8.9 | Han Chinese | DSM-IV ANX\DEP (87/133) |
TPQ (NS, HA) | ANKK1 SLC6A4 | rs1800497 5-HTTLPR |
n.s. | ↑ NS—DRD2 A1/A1, A1/A2 in ANX\DEP vs PURE ↑ NS—S/S + DRD2 A1/A1 or A1/A2, in ANX\DEP vs PURE ↑ HA—DRD2 A1/A1, A1/A2, A2/A2 in ANX\DEP vs PURE |
| 40.7 ± 8.4 | DSM-IV PURE (46/133) |
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| 57 HC (n.a.) | n.a. | ||||||||
| Ducci et al. (2008) | 168 P (0%), 123 HC (n.a.) |
37.8 ± 14.5 (P + HC) | American Indian | DSM-III-R AUD (168/168), AD (86% P), AUD\ASPD (39/168), [CSA (51% P + HC)] G x E |
/ | MAO-A | MAOA-LPR (uVNTR 30 bp), rs1465108, rs909525, rs979605, rs2239448 |
Genotypes:
↑ TC rs1465108, ↑ AG rs909525, ↑ AG rs979605, ↑ AG rs2239448 in AUD vs HC, AUD\ASPD vs HC Haplotypes: ↑ 3TGAA in AUD vs HC, AUD\ASPD vs HC |
/ |
| MAOB | rs1799836, rs10521432, rs12394221, rs5905512, rs9887047 |
Genotypes:
↑ TC rs10521432, ↑ AG rs12394221, ↑ TC rs9887047 in AUD vs HC Haplotypes (no rs1799836): ↑ TGCC in AUD vs HC, AUD\ASPD vs HC |
/ | ||||||
| Wu et al. (2008) | 127 P inmates (100%) | 30.7 ± 7.5 | Han Chinese | DSM-IV AD\ASPD (43/127), ASPD (84/127) |
TPQ (NS, HA) | ANKK1 SLC6A4 | rs1800497 5-HTTLPR |
↑ S/S in AD\ASPD vs ASPD | ↑ NS—S/S + DRD2 A1/A1 or A1/A2 in AD\ASPD vs ASPD |
| Ducci et al. (2009) | 284 P inmates (100%), 234 HC (100%) |
37.5 0.5 (P + HC) | Finnish | DSM-III-R AUD (284/284), AD (86% AUD), AUD\ASPD (159/284) |
/ | HTR3A | rs1150266, rs2276302, rs3737457, rs117613 | / | ↓ A rs1150226 in AUD\ASPD vs HC |
| HTR3B | rs3758987, rs10502180, rs11606194, rs17116121, rs1176744, rs171161138, rs2276307, rs3782025, rs1176761 | ↑ A rs3782025 in AUD\ASPD vs HC ↑ AA rs3782025 in AUD\ASPD vs HC Haplotypes: Block 1 (4 SNPs, w/o rs10502180): n.s. Block 2 (4 SNPs): ↓ GAGT in AUD\ASPD vs HC |
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| Kimura et al. (2009) | 460 P (100%) | 50.3 ± 8.5 | Japanese | DSM-III-R AD | TPQ | ALDH2 | rs671 | n.s. | ↑ NS—ALDH2*1/2*2 ↓ HA—ALDH2*1/2*1 |
| Lee et al. (2009) | 346 P inmates (100%) | 32.6 ± 7.5 | Han Chinese | DSM-IV AD\ASPD (132/346), ASPD (162/346) |
/ |
MAO-A,
ALDH2 |
uVNTR 30 bp, rs671 |
↑ ALDH2 *1/*2, *2/*2 in ASPD vs AD\ASPD | ALDH2*1/*1 × MAO-A 3R VNTR in AD\ASPD |
| Anghelescu et al. (2010) | 144 P (78%), 144 HC (67%) |
44.2 9.7 41.9 10.8 |
Caucasian | DSM-IV AD (144/144), AD\PCMB (101/144) |
NEO-FFI, TCI | SLC6A3/DAT1 | rs28363170 40 bp VNTR | n.s. | ↓ NS—A10/A10 vs A9/A9, A9/A10# in AD vs AD\PCMB, HC ↑ SD—A10/A10 vs A9/A9, A9/A10# in AD vs AD\PCMB, HC |
| Flory et al. (2011) | 151 P (77%) | n.a. | Caucasian | DSM-IV AD | BIS, ZSS-V | PDYN | rs35286281 68 bp VNTR L (1,2 repeat; low expression), H (3,4 repeat; high expression) | n.s. | ↑ DB—L/L, L/H in AD |
| Landgren et al. (2011) | 84 P (78%), 32 HC (71%) |
49 ± 1.1 43 ± 2.1 |
n.a. | DSM-IV AD, CLON 1 | TCI | GHRL | rs4684677, rs42451, rs35680, rs34911341, rs696217, rs26802 | n.s. | ↑ NS—G/G CHRNB3 rs13261190 # in P ↑ ST—A/A GHRL rs42451# in P |
| GHSR | rs2948694, rs572169 rs2232165, rs495225 |
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| CHRNA3 | rs6495307, rs1317286 rs12443170, rs8042059 |
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| CHRNA4 | rs1044396, SNP 12284 rs6011776, rs6010918 |
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| CHRNA6 | rs17621710, rs10087172, rs10109429, rs2196129, rs16891604 | ||||||||
| CHRNB2 | rs2072659, rs2072660 | ||||||||
| CHRNB3 | rs13261190, rs62518216, rs62518217, rs62518218, rs16891561 | ||||||||
| ANKK1 | rs1800497 | ||||||||
| Lu et al. (2012) | 297 P inmates (100%), 244 HC (100%) |
36.6 ± 7.4 36 ± 10.2 |
Han Chinese | DSM-IV AD\ASPD (133/297), ASPD (164/297) | / | ANKK1, ALDH2 | rs1800497, rs671 |
↑ ALDH2 *1/*2, *2/*2 in ASPD vs AD + ASPD, HC | DRD2 A1/A1, A1/A2 + ALDH2*1*1 in ASPD vs HC #, ASPD & AD\ASPD vs HC #
DRD2 A1/A1 x ALDH2*1*1 in ASPD, ASPD & AD\ASPD |
| Wang et al. (2012) | Family-based GWAS 1335 P (50%) |
n.a. | Caucasian | DSM-IV AD | TPQ | / | / | / | NS, HA, RD—ABLIM1 rs727532 (strongest association), ADK rs719624, GPR97 rs727216, LILRA1 rs272411, MAO-A rs979606, RFX4 rs1882542, STON2 rs1885604, TESK rs1417578, TIPARP rs1367311, THEMIS rs270015, rs1596762, rs970543, rs1656113, rs1461728, rs265459, rs298881, rs1986644, rs2027148, rs2366517, rs742997 in AD# |
| Population-based, (replication study), GWAS 1076 P, 1294 HC (43% total sample) |
n.a. | Caucasian | DSM-IV AD | TPQ | / | / | / | NS, HA, RD—ABLIM1 rs727532 in AD (confirmed) | |
| Wang et al. (2013) | 102 P (89%) | 39.1 ± 9 | Han Chinese | DSM-IV AD | TPQ (NS, HA) |
SLC6A4
ANKK1, ALDH2 |
rs25531, novel allelic variants (XL) [Low functional: SS, SLG, LGLG; High functional: S/LA, LG/LA, LA/LA, S/XL, LA/XL, LG/XL] rs1800497 rs671 |
↑ S/S, S/LG, LG/LG in P vs HC | ↑ NS—DRD2 A1/A1 or A1/A2 + SS, SLG, LGLG in P vs HC ↑ NS—ALDH2*1/*2 or *2/*2 + DRD2 A1/A1, A1/A2, A2/A2 in P vs HC ↑ NS—ALDH2*1/*2 or *2/*2 + SS, SLG, LGLG; S/LA, LG/LA, LA/LA, S/XL, LA/XL, LG/XL in P vs HC ↑ HA—DRD2 A1/A1 or A1/A2 + SS, SLG, LGLG in P vs HC ↑ HA—ALDH2*1/*1 + DRD2 A1/A1, A1/A2 in P vs HC ↑ HA—ALDH2*1/*1 + SS, SLG, LGLG in P vs HC |
| 111 HC (81%) | 36.9 ± 8.7 | ||||||||
| Soyka et al. (2013) | 293 P (71%) | 41.7 ± 8.5 | German | DSM-IV, ICD-10 AD (32/293 non-violent crimes; 22/293 violent crimes) | BDHI, LTHA | COMT | rs4680 | n.s. | n.s. |
| 190 P (96%) | 34.6 ± 8.2 | Polish | DSM-IV, ICD-10 AD (24/293 non-violent crimes; 129/293 violent crimes) | ||||||
| 493 HC (51%) | 43.6 ± 16 | German |
AD alcohol dependence, AD\ASPD alcohol dependence with comorbid ASPD, AD\ DPD alcohol dependence with comorbid DPD, ASPD antisocial personality disorder, APT alcohol purchase task, AUD alcohol use disorder, AUDIT alcohol use disorder identification test, AUD\ASPD alcohol use disorder with comorbid ASPD, BD binge drinking, BIS Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, BPD borderline personality disorder, BDHI Buss Durkee Hostility Inventory, CD conduct disorder, CSA childhood sexual abuse, CHRNA/B nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α/β gene, DB disinhibited behavior, DPD dissocial personality disorder, G × E gene × environment interaction, GHRL pro-ghrelin gene, GHSR growth hormone secretagogue receptor gene, IPDE-DSM-IV International Personality Disorder Examination, DSM-IV module, LTHA Brown–Goodwin assessment for history of lifetime aggression, PCMB psychiatric comorbidities, PE persistence, SD self-directedness, SS sensation seeking, ST self-transcendence, TPH tryptophan hydroxylase, ZSS-V Zuckerman Sensation Seeking Scale
§ Non-significant after correction for multiple testing
# Correction for multiple testing
× Interaction
+ Stratified genotype analysis