Table 1.

Exercise characteristics and biochemical parameters with walking in water and on land.

	Land	Water	Significance
VO2 (L/min)	1.67 ± 0.11	1.64 ± 0.12	NS
% VO2peak (%)	51.6 ± 4.8	50.7 ± 5.2	NS
RER	0.97 ± 0.05	0.99 ± 0.09	NS
HR (beats/min)	118.3 ± 6.7	111.4 ± 4.1	*
CVRR (%)	2.5 ± 2.4	3.9 ± 2.0	*
Dyspnea feeling (score)	3.6 ± 1.3	3.4 ± 1.6	NS
Leg fatigue (score)	3.4 ± 1.3	6.7 ± 1.6	*
Walking speed (km/h)	6.6 ± 0.9	6.0 ± 0.5	**
Biochemical parameters
Glucose (mg/dL)	91.6 ± 8.1	90.4 ± 8.9	NS
Insulin (μU/mL)	3.7 ± 2.8	3.6 ± 2.4	NS
IL-6 (pg/mL)	0.45 ± 0.4	1.34 ± 0.5	*

Values are presented as means ± s.d.

*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01; water vs land trials.

CVRR, coefficient of variation of R–R intervals; HR, heart rate; IL-6, interleukin-6; RER, respiratory exchange ratio; VO₂, oxygen uptake.