Table 2.

Effects of water immersion

	Without WI	With WI	Significance
VO2 (mL/min)	332 ± 51	348 ± 54	NS
RER	0.81 ± 0.05	0.82 ± 0.09	NS
HR (beats/min)	69.6 ± 6.9	58.5 ± 6.3	**
CBV (S × 10−3)	42.8 ± 3.2	48.3 ± 3.8	***
Gut hormones
GLP-1 (pmol/mL)	1.1 ± 0.5	1.2 ± 0.4	NS
PYY (pmol/mL)	1.8 ± 0.6	1.7 ± 0.6	NS
AG (fmol/mL)	18.6 ± 5.5	17.8 ± 5.3	NS
Appetite
Hunger (mm)	70.0 ± 20.4	61.1 ± 20.8	NS
Fullness (mm)	22.6 ± 19.5	23.8 ± 21.8	NS
Satiety (mm)	21.7 ± 23.7	20.9 ± 24.7	NS
Motivation to eat (mm)	82.4 ± 21.7	83.9 ± 22.2	NS

Values are presented as means ± s.d.

***P < 0.001, ** P < 0.01.

AG, acylated ghrelin; CBV, central blood volume; HR, heart rate; RER, respiratory exchange ratio; VO₂, oxygen uptake; WI, water immersion.