Table 2.
Associations between psychosocial factors and clinical characteristics (health behaviors and complicated disease)
| Current smoker | Alcohol consumption frequency | Hypertension | Dyslipidemia | Medication for diabetes | Use of insulin | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P‐value | OR (95% CI) | P‐value | OR (95% CI) | P‐value | OR (95% CI) | P‐value | OR (95% CI) | P‐value | OR (95% CI) | P‐value | |
| Happiness score (range 1–10, higher = happier) | 0.97 (0.70–1.36) | 0.893 | 1.25 (0.98–1.61) | 0.076 | 0.83 (0.65–1.05) | 0.123 | 0.91 (0.72–1.15) | 0.422 | 1.06 (0.73–1.53) | 0.772 | 0.97 (0.77–1.21) | 0.783 |
| Optimism (LOT‐R) (range 0–24, higher = greater optimism) | 1.09 (0.78–1.53) | 0.620 | 1.58 (1.22–2.07) | 0.001 | 0.84 (0.66–1.07) | 0.159 | 0.90 (0.71–1.14) | 0.366 | 1.14 (0.78–1.67) | 0.505 | 1.03 (0.82–1.31) | 0.776 |
| Laughter frequency (non‐every day/almost every day) | 1.41 (0.71–2.82) | 0.327 | 1.81 (1.09–3.03) | 0.023 | 0.84 (0.51–1.37) | 0.482 | 1.02 (0.64–1.64) | 0.939 | 1.96 (0.83–4.66) | 0.127 | 1.28 (0.80–2.04) | 0.307 |
| Self‐awareness of stress (more‐stress/less‐stress) | 1.31 (0.63–2.75) | 0.465 | 1.80 (1.05–3.11) | 0.033 | 1.14 (0.69–1.89) | 0.608 | 0.71 (0.43–1.17) | 0.181 | 0.63 (0.26–1.53) | 0.312 | 1.11 (0.68–1.81) | 0.688 |
| Social network (low‐connection/high‐connection) | 1.33 (0.68–2.62) | 0.402 | 1.47 (0.90–2.40) | 0.125 | 0.58 (0.36–0.95) | 0.031 | 1.55 (0.98–2.44) | 0.062 | 1.11 (0.52–2.38) | 0.792 | 0.73 (0.46–1.15) | 0.172 |
| Social support (less‐support/more‐support) | 1.34 (0.67–2.68) | 0.408 | 1.04 (0.63–1.70) | 0.884 | 0.70 (0.43–1.14) | 0.152 | 1.57 (0.98–2.52) | 0.060 | 2.04 (0.90–4.62) | 0.088 | 0.94 (0.59–1.49) | 0.780 |
Logistic regression analyses adjusted for sex and age were carried out to select the psychosocial factors significantly associated with clinical characteristics (current smoking, alcohol consumption, presence of hypertension, presence of dyslipidemia, medication for diabetes and use of Insulin.). Odds ratios (OR) (95% confidence interval [CI]) per 1 standard deviation are shown for the happiness score and Life Orientation Test‐revised (LOT‐R) score. The threshold of statistical significance was defined as P < 0.05. Alcohol consumption frequency was defined as drinking alcohol more than once per week.