Table 3.

Relationships between psychosocial factors and clinical parameters

	Duration of diabetes (years)		BMI (kg/m2)		HbA1c (%)		GA (%)		SBP (mmHg)		T‐chol (mg/dL)		TG (mg/dL)		LDL‐C (mg/dL)		HDL‐C (mg/dL)
	β	P	β	P	β	P	β	P	β	P	β	P	β	P	β	P	β	P
Happiness score (range 1–10, higher = happier)	−0.02	0.687	−0.13	0.012	−0.08	0.159	−0.09	0.122	0.04	0.424	−0.10	0.073	−0.08	0.117	−0.12	0.026	−0.05	0.377
Optimism (LOT‐R) (range 0–24, higher =greater optimism)	0.04	0.429	−0.02	0.644	−0.01	0.883	−0.01	0.834	−0.00	0.953	0.02	0.751	−0.01	0.896	−0.01	0.791	0.02	0.710
Laughter frequency (non‐every day/almost every day)	−0.05	0.375	0.06	0.225	0.01	0.899	0.01	0.935	−0.00	0.950	−0.08	0.157	0.02	0.743	−0.12	0.025	−0.04	0.439
Self‐awareness of stress (more stress/less stress)	−0.00	0.999	0.01	0.871	0.01	0.878	−0.05	0.431	−0.06	0.254	−0.12	0.035	−0.02	0.682	−0.13	0.017	0.02	0.784
Social network (low connection/high connection)	0.00	0.979	−0.06	0.269	0.04	0.445	0.03	0.565	−0.03	0.571	−0.04	0.509	−0.06	0.297	0.01	0.839	−0.07	0.221
Social support (less support/more support)	−0.04	0.414	0.01	0.846	0.00	0.981	−0.09	0.121	−0.02	0.707	−0.09	0.137	0.09	0.116	−0.11	0.051	−0.06	0.290

Multivariate linear regression analyses adjusted for sex and age were carried out to select the psychosocial factors significantly associated with clinical characteristics. The threshold of statistical significance was defined as P < 0.05. BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL‐C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; GA, glycoalbumin; LDL‐C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; LOT‐R, Life Orientation Test‐revised; SBP, systolic blood pressure; T‐chol, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride.