Table 2.
Effectiveness of blended behavior change interventions compared with no intervention, face-to-face behavior change intervention, and online behavior change intervention.
| Control conditions and constructs | Outcome construct | ||
| No intervention | |||
| Symptoms and signs | |||
| Pain | Strong evidence for a nonsignificant effect | ||
| Fatigue | Strong evidence for a nonsignificant effect | ||
| Body weight | Strong evidence for a nonsignificant effect | ||
| Limitations | |||
| Disability | Inconsistent evidence | ||
| Dealing with the chronic condition: cognitive measures | |||
| Coping strategy: catastrophizing | Strong evidence for a significant effect | ||
| Acceptance | Inconsistent evidence | ||
| Coping strategy: praying or hoping | Inconsistent evidence | ||
| Fear of movement | Inconsistent evidence | ||
| Pain self-efficacy | Inconsistent evidence | ||
| Coping strategy: diverting attention | Strong evidence for a nonsignificant effect | ||
| Coping strategy: reinterpret pain sensation | Strong evidence for a nonsignificant effect | ||
| Coping strategy: coping self-statements | Strong evidence for a nonsignificant effect | ||
| Coping strategy: ignore pain sensations | Strong evidence for a nonsignificant effect | ||
| Perceived life control | Strong evidence for a nonsignificant effect | ||
| Perception of support received from others | Strong evidence for a nonsignificant effect | ||
| Perception of received punishing responses | Strong evidence for a nonsignificant effect | ||
| Perception of received solicitous responses | Strong evidence for a nonsignificant effect | ||
| Perception of received distracting responses | Strong evidence for a nonsignificant effect | ||
| Dealing with the chronic condition: behavior measures | |||
| Coping strategy: increase activity level | Strong evidence for a nonsignificant effect | ||
| Pain interference with daily activities | Strong evidence for a nonsignificant effect | ||
| Emotional outcomes | |||
| Anxiety | Inconsistent evidence | ||
| Depression | Inconsistent evidence | ||
| Affective distress | Inconsistent evidence | ||
| Quality of life | |||
| Generic quality of life | Inconsistent evidence | ||
| Health-related quality of life: emotional role impairment | Inconsistent evidence | ||
| Health-related quality of life: emotional role impairment | Inconsistent evidence | ||
| Face-to-face behavior change intervention | |||
| Limitations | |||
| Physical activity | Inconsistent evidence | ||
| Online behavior change intervention | |||
| Symptoms and signs | |||
| Pain | Inconsistent evidence | ||
| Body mass index | Inconsistent evidence | ||
| Body weight | Strong evidence for a nonsignificant effect | ||
| Limitations | |||
| Physical activity | Inconsistent evidence | ||
| Emotional outcomes | |||
| Anxiety | Strong evidence for a nonsignificant effect | ||
| Depression | Inconsistent evidence | ||