Table 4.
Risk factors for STDR among patients with diabetes
| STDR | DR | |||
| Age–gender adjusted OR (95% CI) | p Value | Multivariate OR (95% CI) | p Value | |
| Age | 0.983 (0.979 to 0.988) | 0.000 | 0.959 (0.951 to 0.967) | 0.000 |
| Gender | 0.990 (0.898 to 1.191) | 0.839 | 1.169 (0.996 to 1.371) | 0.056 |
| Duration of DM (years) | 1.100 (1.092 to 1.108) | 0.000 | 1.097 (1.084 to 1.109) | 0.000 |
| HbA1c | 1.219 (1.187 to 1.251) | 0.000 | 1.112 (1.063 to 1.163) | 0.000 |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 1.129 (1.110 to 1.149) | 0.000 | 1.096 (1.063 to 1.131) | 0.000 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 1.017 (1.014 to 1.020) | 0.000 | 1.013 (1.008 to 1.019) | 0.000 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 1.010 (1.005 to 1.015) | 0.000 | 0.994 (0.985 to 1.003) | 0.211 |
| Heart rate | 1.018 (1.012 to 1.024) | 0.000 | 1.012 (1.004 to 1.020) | 0.004 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 1.003 (0.986 to 1.020) | 0.766 | 0.994 (0.968 to 1.021) | 0.674 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 1.013 (1.007 to 1.019) | 0.000 | 1.005 (0.995 to 1.015) | 0.349 |
| WHR | 1.926 (0.725 to 5.116) | 0.189 | 0.610 (0.148 to 2.524) | 0.495 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.083 (1.034 to 1.135) | 0.001 | 0.969 (0.902 to 1.041) | 0.391 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.020 (0.973 to 1.069) | 0.408 | 0.947 (0.889 to 1.010) | 0.096 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.113 (1.052 to 1.178) | 0.000 | 1.137 (1.039 to 1.244) | 0.005 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.028 (0.931 to 1.135) | 0.588 | 0.965 (0.833 to 1.117) | 0.630 |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 1.007 (1.005 to 1.008) | 0.000 | 1.006 (1.004 to 1.008) | 0.000 |
| BUN (mmol/L) | 1.023 (1.014 to 1.033) | 0.000 | 1.013 (1.000 to 1.026) | 0.053 |
BMI, body mass index; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; DM, diabetes mellitus; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, glycosylated haemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; STDR, sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio.