TABLE 4.
Percentage of Births with Selected Characteristics by Race and Hispanic Origin of Mother—United States, Selected Years: 1990 and 2010 (Final) and 2011 (Preliminary)
| All Races
|
Non-Hispanic White
|
Non-Hispanic Black
|
Hispanica
|
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2011 | 2010 | 1990 | 2011 | 2010 | 1990b | 2011 | 2010 | 1990b | 2011 | 2010 | 1990b | |
| Mother | ||||||||||||
| <20 y of age | 8.4 | 9.3 | 12.8 | 6.1 | 6.7 | 9.6 | 13.7 | 15.2 | 23.2 | 12.1 | 13.1 | 16.8 |
| ≥40 y of age | 2.9 | 2.9 | 1.2 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 1.2 | 2.4 | 2.3 | 0.8 | 2.6 | 2.4 | 1.2 |
| Unmarried | 40.7 | 40.8 | 28.0 | 29.1 | 29.0 | 16.9 | 72.3 | 72.5 | 66.7 | 53.3 | 53.4 | 36.7 |
| Diabetes during pregnancy | — | 5.1 | 2.1 | — | 4.7 | 2.2 | — | 4.5 | 1.8 | — | 5.2 | 2.0 |
| Pregnancy-associated hypertension | — | 4.4 | 2.7 | — | 4.8 | 3.0 | — | 5.4 | 2.8 | — | 3.2 | 1.8 |
| Health care utilization | ||||||||||||
| Midwife-attended birthsc | — | 7.8 | 3.9 | — | 7.8 | 3.2 | — | 7.1 | 4.4 | — | 8.3 | 6.2 |
| Cesarean delivery rate | 32.8 | 32.8 | 22.7 | 32.4 | 32.6 | 23.4 | 35.5 | 35.5 | 22.1 | 32.0 | 31.8 | 21.2 |
| Weight gain of >40 lbd | — | 20.8 | 15.9 | — | 23.4 | 16.5 | — | 20.6 | 14.8 | — | 16.5 | 14.1 |
| Infant | ||||||||||||
| Birth weighte | ||||||||||||
| LBW | 8.10 | 8.15 | 7.0 | 7.09 | 7.14 | 5.6 | 13.33 | 13.53 | 13.3 | 7.02 | 6.97 | 6.1 |
| VLBW | 1.44 | 1.45 | 1.27 | 1.14 | 1.16 | 0.93 | 2.99 | 2.98 | 2.93 | 1.20 | 1.20 | 1.03 |
| Gestational agef | ||||||||||||
| Preterm birth | 11.72 | 11.99 | 10.6 | 10.49 | 10.77 | 8.5 | 16.75 | 17.12 | 18.9 | 11.66 | 11.79 | 11.0 |
| Early | 3.44 | 3.50 | 3.3 | 2.87 | 2.93 | 2.4 | 6.01 | 6.13 | 7.4 | 3.26 | 3.26 | 3.2 |
| Late | 8.28 | 8.49 | 7.3 | 7.62 | 7.84 | 6.1 | 10.74 | 10.99 | 11.5 | 8.40 | 8.53 | 7.8 |
| Multiple births | ||||||||||||
| Live births in twin deliveries (per 1000 live births) | — | 33.1 | 22.6 | — | 36.9 | 22.9 | — | 37.0 | 26.7 | — | 22.6 | 18.0 |
| Live births in higher-order multiple deliveries (per 100 000 live births) | — | 137.6 | 72.8 | — | 177.7 | 89.8 | — | 97.3 | 46.2 | — | 76.3 | 39.4 |
Race and Hispanic origin are reported separately on birth certificates. Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. Race categories are consistent with the 1977 OMB standards. Forty states and the District of Columbia in 2011 and 38 states and the District of Columbia in 2010 reported multiple-race data. Multiple-race data for these states were bridged to the single-race categories of the 1977 OMB standards for comparability with other states. Data source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/NCHS, National Vital Statistics System, natality. —, preliminary data not available.
Includes all persons of Hispanic origin of any race.
Excludes data for New Hampshire and Oklahoma, which did not report Hispanic origin.
Delivered by certified nurse midwives.
Mother gained >40 lb during pregnancy.
VLBW is birth weight of <1500 g (3 lb, 4 oz), and LBW is birth weight of <2500 g (5 lb, 8 oz).
Preterm indicates birth before 37 completed weeks of gestation, early preterm indicates birth before 34 completed weeks of gestation, and late preterm indicates birth between 34 and 36 completed weeks of gestation.