Table 5. Description of trials of health behaviour change interventions: Physical activity, diet and smoking cessation.

Study	Study Design, Country, Device, and Media	Participants	Aims	Intervention	Comparator
Chow 2015 [82]	Parallel-design, single-blind, randomized clinical trial Country: Australia Device: Mobile telephone Media: text messages	710 participants recruited at a large tertiary referral center and university teaching hospital in Sydney, Australia. Patients were eligible if they were older than 18 years and had documented CHD. Mean age: control 57.3 (SD 9.3); intervention 57.9 (SD 9.1). Females: control 17.6%; intervention 18.5%.	The study aimed to evaluate, in a randomized clinical trial, the effect of a text message–based intervention to encourage lifestyle change on objective measures of cardiovascular risk in individuals with coronary heart disease (CHD).	The text message–based prevention program involved delivery of regular semipersonalized text messages providing advice, motivation, and information that aimed to improve diet, increase physical activity, and encourage smoking cessation (if relevant). Participants received 4 messages per week for 24 weeks. Each message was sent on 4 of 5 randomly selected weekdays and arrived at random times of the day during working hours. Duration: 6 months User involvement in development: 53 participants completed questionnaire for evaluation of message content, usefulness, and language. 16 participants involved in pilot testing and provided feedback.	Control participants received usual care, which generally included community follow-up with the majority referred to inpatient cardiac rehabilitation, as determined by their usual physicians. Both groups received 3 study management text messages providing them with their allocation assignment, study contact details, and a reminder prior to the follow-up appointment.
Golshahi 2015 [83]	Parallel group 4-arm RCT; Country: Iran; Device: mobile phone; Media: SMS	180 hypertensive patients referring to two major clinics of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (IUMS) and two health centers in Isfahan, Iran. 4 arms, 45 in each: A: patients and their family educated by cardiology resident about self-care behaviours through eight sessions. Mean age: 56.72 B: obtained self-care education through four pamphlets. Mean age: 57.44 C: obtained self-care education through eight SMS. Mean age: 56.76 D: obtained only usual care of hypertension without any training about self-care management. Mean age: 57.51	To examine whether self-care behaviours could modulate blood pressure levels and also comparing the different training methods of self-care on controlling hypertension.	Patients in group A, B and C were advised to adhere to take medication daily; increase physical activity aimed for 30–45 min of moderate-intensity aerobic activity (such as a brisk walk); most days of the week; follow the dietary approach to stop hypertension (DASH diet) including eat a diet rich in vegetables and reduce dietary sodium to below 1500 mg/day; stop smoking. Group A received this advice through 8 sessions, Group B through 4 pamphlets, and group C through SMS. Duration: 8 months User involvement in development: not stated.	Group D did not obtain any education about self-management of hypertension and they had only usual care of hypertension in the clinics.