Table 1.

The phytochemicals obtained from the Clerodendrum genus plants.

No.	Phytochemicals	Plant parts	Source	Ref.
Monoterpene and its derivatives
1	Serratumin A	Aerial parts	C. serratum	23
2	Serratoside A	Aerial parts	C. serratum	24
3	Serratoside B	Aerial parts	C. serratum	24
4	7-O-p-couma-royloxyugandoside	Aerial parts	C. serratum	25
5	Monomelittoside	Aerial parts	C. inerme	26
6	Melittoside	Aerial parts	C. inerme	27
7	Sammangaoside C	Aerial parts	C. inerme	28
8	Inerminosides A	Leaves	C. inerme	10
9	Inerminosides C	Leaves	C. inerme	10
10	Inerminosides D	Leaves	C. inerme	10
11	Inerminoside C heptaacetate	Aerial parts	C. inerme	29
12	Inerminoside A	Aerial parts	C. inerme	29
13	Inerminoside A hexaacetate	Aerial parts	C. inerme	29
14	Inerminoside B	Aerial parts	C. inerme	29
15	Inerminoside B heptaacetate	Aerial parts	C. inerme	29
16	8-O-foliamenthoyleuphroside	Roots	C. incisum	30
17	2′-O,8-O-difoliamenthoyleuphroside	Roots	C. incisum	30
18	Euphroside	Roots	C. incisum	30
19	Plantarenaloside	Roots	C. incisum	30
20	Aucubin	Whole plants	C. thomsonae	27
21	8-O-acetylharpagide	Whole plants	C. thomsonae	27
22	Harpagide	Whole plants	C. thomsonae	27
23	Ajugoside	Leaves	C. thomsonae	27
24	8-O-acetylmioporoside	Whole plants	C. thomsonae	27
25	Reptoside	Whole plants	C. thomsonae	27
26	Ugandoside	Whole plants	C. ugandense	27
27	5-O-β-glucopyranosyl-harpagide	Aerial parts	C. chinense	31
Sesquiterpene
28	Sammangaoside A	Aerial parts	C. inerme	28
29	Sammangaoside B	Aerial parts	C. inerme	28
30	2-{(2S,5R)-5-[(1E)-4-hydroxy-4-methylhexa-1,5-dien-1-yl]-5-methyltetrahydrofuran-2-yl}propan-2-yl-β-d-glucopyranoside	Roots	C. bungei	32
Diterpenoids
31	Mandarone A	Stems	C. mandarinorum	33
32	Mandarone B	Stems	C. mandarinorum	33
33	Mandarone C	Stems	C. mandarinorum	33
34	Crolerodendrum A	Whole plants	C. philippinum	25
35	Bungone A	Stems	C. bungei	34
36	Bungone B	Stems	C. bungei	34
37	Inerme A	Leaves	C. inerme	35
38	Inerme B	Leaves	C. inerme	35
39	14,15-dihydro-15β-methoxy-3-epicaryoptin	Leaves	C. inerme	35
40	14,15-dihydro-15-hydroxy-3-epicaryoptin	Leaves	C. inerme	35
41	Clerodermic acid	Whole plants	C. inerme	36
42	Cleroinermin	Whole plants	C. inerme	37
43	3-epicaryoptin	Whole plants	C. paniculatum	38
44	Clerodin	Whole plants	C. paniculatum	38
45	Uncinatone	Stems	C. trichotomum	39
		Roots	C. bungei	40
		Roots	C. trichotomum	41
		Aerial parts	C. inerme	42
46	2-acetoxyclerodendrin B	Whole plants	C. infortunatum	25
47	Clerodendrin A	Whole plants	C. trichotomum	38
48	Clerodendrin B	Whole plants	C. trichotomum	38
49	Clerodendrin C	Whole plants	C. trichotomum	38
50	Clerodendrin D	Whole plants	C. trichotomum	38
51	Clerodendrin E	Whole plants	C. trichotomum	38
52	Clerodendrin F	Whole plants	C. trichotomum	38
53	Clerodendrin G	Whole plants	C. trichotomum	38
54	Clerodendrin H	Whole plants	C. trichotomum	38
55	Trichotomone	Roots	C. trichotomum	43
56	Sugiol	Stems	C. trichotomum	39
57	Teuvincenone A	Stems	C. trichotomum	39
58	Teuvincenone B	Stems	C. trichotomum	39
59	Teuvincenone F	Stems	C. trichotomum	39
		Roots	C. bungei	40
		Roots	C. trichotomum	41
60	Teuvincenone H	Stems	C. trichotomum	39
61	Cyrtophyllone B	Stems	C. trichotomum	39
62	Bungnate A	Roots	C. bungei	40
63	Bungnate B	Roots	C. bungei	40
64	15-dehydrocyrtophyllone A	Roots	C. bungei	40
65	15-dehydro-17-hydroxycyrtophyllone A	Roots	C. bungei	40
66	12,16-epoxy-11,14,17-trihydroxy-6-methoxy-17(15→16)-abeo-abieta-5,8,11,13-tetraene-7-one	Roots	C. bungei	40
67	Cyrtophyllone A	Roots	C. bungei	40
68	Villosin C	Roots	C. bungei	40
		Roots	C. trichotomum	41
69	19-hydroxyteuvincenone F	Roots	C. bungei	40
70	Mandarone E	Roots	C. bungei	40
		Roots	C. trichotomum	41
71	12,16-epoxy-11,14-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-17(15→16)-abeo-abieta-5,8,11,13,15-pentaene-3,7-dione	Roots	C. bungei	40
		Roots	C. trichotomum	41
72	12-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-3,11,16-trihydroxyabieta-8,11,13-triene	Roots	C. bungei	40
73	6-methoxyvillosin C	Roots	C. trichotomum	41
74	18-hydroxy-6-methoxyvillosin C	Roots	C. trichotomum	41
75	(10R,16S)-12,16-epoxy-11,14-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-17(15→16)-abeo-abieta-5,8,11,13-tetraene-3,7-dione	Roots	C. trichotomum	41
76	(10R,16S)-12,16-epoxy-11,14-dihydroxy-18-oxo-17(15→16),18(4→3)-diabeo-abieta-3,5,8,11,13-pentaene-7-one	Roots	C. trichotomum	41
77	(10R,16R)-12,16-epoxy-11,14,17-trihydroxy-17(15→16),18(4→3)-diabeo-abieta-3,5,8,11,13-pentaene-2,7-dione	Roots	C. trichotomum	41
78	(3S,4R,10R,16S)-3,4:12,16-diepoxy-11,14-dihydroxy-17(15→16),18(4→3)-diabeo-abieta-5,8,11,13-tetraene-7-one	Roots	C. trichotomum	41
79	12,16-epoxy-11,14-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-17(15→16)-abeo-abieta-5,8,11,13,15-pentaene-3,7-dione	Roots	C. trichotomum	41
80	Formidiol	Roots	C. trichotomum	41
81	Teuvincenone E	Roots	C. trichotomum	41
82	12,16-epoxy-17(15→16),18(4→3)-diabeo-abieta-3,5,8,12,15-pentaene-7,11,14-trione	Roots	C. trichotomum	41
83	3β-(β-d-glucopyranosyl)isopimara-7,15-diene-11α,12α-diol	Roots	C. bungei	44
84	16-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-3β-20-epoxy-3-hydroxyabieta-8,11,13-triene	Roots	C. bungei	44
85	Coleon U	Whole plants	C. canescens	45
86	Coleon U-12-methyl ether	Whole plants	C. canescens	45
87	Cleroserroside A	Aerial parts	C. serrartum	46
88	Cleroserroside B	Aerial parts	C. serrartum	46
Triterpenoids
89	3-O-acetyloleanolicacid	Aerial parts	C. inerme	42
90	3-O-acetyloleanolicaldehyde	Aerial parts	C. inerme	42
91	Glutinol	Aerial parts	C. inerme	42
92	Friedelin	Leaves	C. trichotomum	47
		Aerial parts	C. inerme	48
93	Taraxerol	Roots	C. indicum	49
		Whole plants	C. bungei	50
		Leaves	C. trichotomum	47
94	Clerodone	Whole plants	C. bungei	51
95	α-amyrin	Whole plants	C. bungei	51
96	Glochidone	Whole plants	C. bungei	50
97	Glochidonol	Whole plants	C. bungei	50
98	Glochidiol	Whole plants	C. bungei	50
99	Lupeol	Roots	C. indicum, C. villosum	49, 52
		Leaves	C. trichotomum	47
		Whole plants	C. canescens	51
		Aerial parts	C. inerme	42
100	α-amyrin 3-undecanotate	Whole plants	C. canescens	51
101	Lupeol acetate	Whole plants	C. canescens	51
102	Lupeol 3-palmitate	Whole plants	C. canescens	51, 52
103	Melastomic acid	Whole plants	C. canescens	51
104	β-amyrin acetate	Whole plants	C. canescens	51
105	Betulinic acid	Roots	C. villosum	49, 52
		Aerial parts	C. inerme	53
		Leaves	C. trichotomum	47
		Whole plants	C. canescens	51
106	Magnificol	Aerial parts	C. inerme	42
107	Glutinone	Aerial parts	C. inerme	42
108	Mi-saponin	Roots	C. wildii	54
109	Basic acid	Roots	C. wildii	54
110	Protobassic	Roots	C. wildii	54
111	Mi-glycoside I	Roots	C. wildii	54
112	Ursolic acid	Roots	C. japonicum	55
113	3β-hydroxy-D:B-friedo-olean-5-ene	Roots	C. indicum, C. villosum	49
114	Oleanolic acid	Whole plants	C. serratum	56
115	Oleanolic acid-3-acetate	Roots	C. indicum	49
116	Taraxerol-3β-yloctacosanoate	Roots, stems	C. philippinum	57
117	Se-saponin	Aerial parts	C. serratum	58
118	Lup-1,5,20(29)-trien-3-O-d-glucopyranoside	Leaves	C. inerme	59
119	Clerodendrumic acid	Leaves	C. glabrum	60
Flavonoid and flavonoid glycosides
120	5,7,8,4′-tetrahydroxy-6-methoxy-flavone	Aerial parts	C. serratum	23
121	5,6,7-trihydroxy-4′-methoxyflavone 7-glucopyranoside	Aerial parts	C. serratum	23
122	5, 7, 4′-trihydroxy-3′-methoxyflavone	Whole plants	C. serratum	25
123	Astragalin	Whole plants	C. philippinum	61
124	Apigenin	Aerial parts	C. inerme	48
125	Tricin	Whole plants	C. japonicum	25
126	Hispidulin	Roots	C. indicum	62
127	Hispidulin-glucuronide	Whole plants	C. infortunatum	63
128	Eupafolin	Whole plants	C. infortunatum	63
129	Scutellarin	Whole plants	C. infortunatum	63
130	Scutellarein	Whole plants	C. serratum	64
131	Pectolinarigenin	Aerial parts	C. inerme	65
132	7-hydroxyflavone	Flowers	C. phlomidis	66
133	7-hydroxyflavanone 7-O-glucoside	Flowers	C. phlomidis	66
134	Luteolin	Whole plants	C. serratum	64
135	Chalcone glycoside	Flowers	C. phlomidis	66
136	α-l-Rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-D-Glu-copyranosyl-7-O-naringin-4-d-glucopyranoside-5-methylether	Whole plants	C. phlomidis	25
137	4,2′,4′-trihydroxy-6′-methoxy ehalcone-4,4′-α-D-diglucoside	Whole plants	C. phlomidis	25
138	7-hydroxyflavonone	Flowers	C. phlomidis	66
139	Kaempferol	Whole plants	C. fragrans	67
140	5,4′-dihydroxy-kaempferol-7-O-β-rutinoside	Whole plants	C. fragrans	67
141	6-hydroxyflavone	Flowers	C. phlomidis	66
142	4′-methyl scutellarein	Aerial parts	C. inerme	65
143	Apigenin-7-O-glucuronide	Roots	C. serratum	68
144	5-hydroxy-4′, 7-dimethoxymethyl flavone	Whole plants	C. inerme	25
145	Salvigenin	Aerial parts	C. inerme	65
146	Acacetin	Leaves	C. inerme	69
		Aerial parts	C. inerme	48
147	Cynaroside	Aerial parts	C. inerme	13
148	2′,4,4′-trihydroxy-6′-methylchalcone	Flowers	C. phlomidis	66
149	Cirsimaritin	Aerial parts	C. petasites	70
150	Cirsimaritin-4′-glucoside	Aerial parts	C. mandarinorum	71
151	Quercetin-3′-methyl	Aerial parts	C. mandarinorum	71
152	Pectolinarigenin	Roots	C. indicum	49
153	5-hydroxy-6,7,4′-trimethoxyflavone	Aerial parts	C. inerme	53
154	5,7,4′-trihydroxy-flavone	Leaves	C. trichotomum	72
		Whole plants	C .serratum	56
155	5,7,4′-trihydroxy-3′-methoxyflavone	Whole plants	c. serratum	73
156	3,2′,3′-trihydroxy-4′-methoxychalcone	Seeds	C. phlomidis	74
157	3,2'-dihydroxy-4′,6′-dimethoxychalcone	Seeds	C. phlomidis	74
158	5-hydroxy-7-methoxyflavanone	Seeds	C. phlomidis	74
159	5-hydroxy-7-methoxyflavone	Seeds	C. phlomidis	74
160	Kaempferol-3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranoside	Seeds	C. phlomidis	74
161	Hispidulin7-O-glucuronide	Aerial parts	C. infortunatum	63
162	Naringin-4′- O-α- glucopyranoside	Flowers	C. phlomidis	66
Phenylethanoid glycosides
163	Decaffeoylverbascoside	Aerial parts	C. inerme	75
164	Darendoside B	Roots	C. bungei	40
165	Salidroside	Aerial parts	C. inerme	25
166	Verbascoside	Roots	C. bungei	40
		Roots	C. villosum	49
		Aerial parts	C. inerme	75
167	Isoverbascoside	Aerial parts	C. inerme	75
168	Campneoside I	Aerial parts	C. bungei	76
		Aerial parts	C. inerme	75
169	Cistanoside E	Aerial parts	C. inerme	75
170	Purpureaside B	Aerial parts	C. inerme	75
171	2-phenylethyl-3-O-(6-dexoy-α-l-mannopyranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranoside	Roots	C. bungei	32
172	Campneoside II	Aerial parts	C. bungei	76
173	Martynoside	Whole plants	C. japonicum	55
174	Jionoside D	Aerial parts	C. trichotomum	77
175	Clerodendronoside	Aerial parts	C. bungei	76
176	Cistanoside C	Aerial parts	C. bungei	76
177	Jionoside C	Aerial parts	C. bungei	76
178	Leucosceptoside A	Roots	C. bungei	40
		Aerial parts	C. bungei	76
179	Cistanoside D	Aerial parts	C. bungei	76
180	Cistanoside F	Aerial parts	C. bungei	76
181	Bungein A	Aerial parts	C. bungei	78
182	Monoacetylmartinoside	Whole plants	C. japonicum	55
183	Clerodenoside A	Whole plants	C. japonicum	55
184	3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol	Whole plants	C. indicum	25
185	Isomartynoside	Roots	C. bungei	40
186	Serratumoside A	Aerial parts	C. serratum	79
187	Bunginoside A	Roots	C. bungei	40
188	3″,4″-di-O-acetylmartynoside	Roots	C. bungei	40
189	Acetylmartynoside A	Roots	C. bungei	40
190	Acetylmartynoside B	Roots	C. bungei	40
191	3″-O-acetylmartynoside	Roots	C. bungei	40
192	2″-O-acetylmartynoside	Roots	C. bungei	40
193	Martynoside	Roots	C. bungei	40
194	Trichotomoside	Roots	C. bungei	40
195	O-2-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-ethyl O-2,3-di-O-acetyl-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)-(4-O-cis-feruloyl)-β-d-glucopyranoside	Roots	C. bungei	40
196	Isoacteoside	Roots	C. bungei	40
		Aerial parts	C. bungei	76
197	Darendoside A	Roots	C. bungei	40
198	Phlomisethanoside	Roots	C. bungei	40
199	Acteoside	Aerial parts	C. bungei	76
		Whole plants	C. serratum	56
200	Markhamioside F	Aerial parts	C. inerme	75
201	Benzylglucoside	Aerial parts	C. inerme	75
202	Myricoside	Aerial parts	C. serratum	79
Steroids and steroid glycosides
203	Stigmasterol	Roots	C. indicum	49
		Leaves	C. trichotomum	47
		Whole plants	C. serratum	56
204	α-spinasterol	Whole plants	C. serratum	64
205	Stigmasterol-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside	Roots	C. indicum	49
		Whole plants	C. serratum	73
206	Serratin	Whole plants	C. serratum	80
207	Clerosterol	Roots	C. indicum, C. villosum	49
		Leaves	C. quadriloculare	81
		Leaves	C. trichotomum	47
208	Bungesterol	Whole plants	C. bungei	51
209	4α-methyl-24β-ethyl-5α-cholesta-14,25-dien-3β-ol	Aerial parts	C. inerme	36
210	4α,24,24-trimethyl-5α-cholesta-7,25-dien-3β-ol	Whole plants	C. inerme	62
211	4α-methyl-24β-ethyl-5α-cholesta-7,25-dien-3β-ol	Whole plants	C. inerme	62
212	Gramisterol	Whole plants	C. inerme	62
213	4α-methyl-24α-ethyl-5α-cholest-7-en-3β-ol	Whole plants	C. inerme	62
214	Obtusifoliol	Whole plants	C. inerme	62
215	24,24-dimethyl-5α-cholesta-7,25-dien-3β-ol	Whole plants	C. inerme	62
216	22,23-dihydrostigmasterol	Whole plants	C. japonicum	55
217	25,26-dehydrostigmasterol	Whole plants	C. japonicum	55
218	22-dehydroclerosterol 3β-O-β-D-(6′-O-margaroyl)-glucopyranoside	Leaves	C. trichotomum	82
		Whole plants	C. quadriloculare	81
219	Sitosterol	Leaves	C. trichotomum	47
220	Stigmasterol	Aerial parts	C. inerme	48
221	24β-methylcholesta-5,22E,25-trien-3β-ol	Whole plants	C. fragrans	83
222	24α-ethyl-5α-cholest-22E-en-3β-ol	Whole plants	C. fragrans	83
223	Colebrin A	Aerial parts	C. colebrookianum	84
224	Colebrin B	Aerial parts	C. colebrookianum	84
225	Colebrin C	Aerial parts	C. colebrookianum	84
226	Colebrin D	Aerial parts	C. colebrookianum	84
227	Colebrin E	Aerial parts	C. colebrookianum	84
228	Dehydropo-riferasterol	Aerial parts	C. splendens	25
229	Campesterol	Stems	C. phlomidis	85
230	Cholestanol	Stems	C. phlomidis	85
231	(22E)-stigmasta-4,22,25-trien-3-one	Roots	C. indicum	49
232	Stigmasta-4,25-dien-3-one	Roots	C. indicum	49
233	Stigmasta-4,22-dien-3-one	Roots	C. indicum	49
234	22-dehydroclerosterol	Roots	C. indicum, C. villosum,	49
		Leaves	C. quadriloculare	81
		Leaves	C. trichotomum	47
235	β-sitosterol	Roots	C. villosum	49
		Aerial parts	C. inerme	53
		Whole plants	C. bungei	50
236	22-dehydroclerosterol-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside	Roots	C. indicum, C. villosum	49
237	Clerosterol-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside	Roots	C. indicum, C. villosum	49
238	β-sitosterol-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside	Roots	C. villosum	49
239	(22E,24R)-stigmasta-4,22,25-trien-3-one	Leaves	C. trichotomum	82
240	(20R,22E,24R)-3β-hydroxy-Stigmasta-5,22,25-trien-7-one	Leaves	C. trichotomum	82
241	(20R,22E,24R)-stigmasta-22,25-dien-3,6-dione	Leaves	C. trichotomum	82
242	(20R,22E,24R)-6β-hydroxy-Stigmasta-4,22,25-trien-3-one	Leaves	C. trichotomum	82
243	(20R,22E,24R)-stigmasta-5,22,25-trien-3β,7β-diol	Leaves	C. trichotomum	82
244	(20R,22E,24R)-stigmasta-22,25-dien-3β,6β,9α-triol	Leaves	C. trichotomum	82
245	Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate	Whole plants	C. serratum	56
Cyclohexylethanoids
246	1-hydroxy-1-(8-palmitoyloxyethyl)cyclohexanone	Leaves	C. trichotomum	20
247	5-O-butyl cleroindin D	Leaves	C. trichotomum	20
248	Rengyolone	Leaves	C. trichotomum	20
		Aerial parts	C. bungei	86
249	Cleroindin C	Leaves	C. trichotomum	20
250	Cleroindin B	Leaves	C. trichotomum	20
251	Rengyol	Leaves	C. trichotomum	20
252	Clerobungin A(1a)	Aerial parts	C. bungei	86
253	Clerobungin A(1b)	Aerial parts	C. bungei	86
254	(+)-rengyolone	Aerial parts	C. bungei	86
255	Cleroindicin	Aerial parts	C. bungei	86
256	5-O-ethylcleroindicin D	Aerial parts	C. bungei	78
257	6″-O-[(E)-caffeoyl] rengyoside B	Roots	C. bungei	32
258	Clerodenone A	Roots	C. bungei	32
Anthraquinones
259	Aloe-emodin	Stems	C. trichotomum	39
260	Emodin	Stems	C. trichotomum	39
261	Chrysophanol	Stems	C. trichotomum	39
262	2,5-dimethoxybenzoquinone	Whole plants	C. serratum	73
Cyanogenic glycosides
263	(R)-lucumin	Leaves	C. grayi	87
264	(R)-prunasin	Leaves	C. grayi	87
Others
265	B-friedoolean-5-ene-3-β-ol	Aerial parts	C. inerme	53
266	Stigmasta-5,22,25-trien-3-β-ol (3)	Aerial parts	C. inerme	53
267	Spicatolignan B	Stems	C. trichotomum	39
268	Trans-phytol	Leaves	C. trichotomum	47
269	1H-indole-3-carboxylic acid	Leaves	C. trichotomum	47
270	Palmitic acid	Leaves	C. trichotomum	72
271	Octadecanoic acid	Leaves	C. trichotomum	72
272	Cis-cinnamic acid	Aerial parts	C. serratum	23
273	Trans-cinnamic acid	Aerial parts	C. serratum	23
274	P-coumaric acid	Aerial parts	C. serratum	23
275	Syringic acid	Aerial parts	C. inerme	48
276	P-methoxybenzoic acid	Aerial parts	C. inerme	48
277	Daucosterol	Aerial parts	C. inerme	48
278	2-({6-O-[(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)carbonyl]-β-d-glucopyranosyl}oxy)-2-methylbutanoic acid	Roots	C. bungei	32
279	24β-ethylcholesta-5,22E,25-triene-3β-ol	Aerial parts	C. phlomidis	88
280	Pentadecanoic acid β-D-glucoside	Aerial parts	C. inerme	66
281	Cryptojaponol	Aerial parts	C. kiangsiense	89
282	Fortuning E	Aerial parts	C. kiangsiense	89
283	12-methoxy-6,11,14,16-tetrahydroxy-17(15→16)-abeo-5,8,11,13-abietatetraen-3,7-dione	Aerial parts	C. kiangsiense	89