Table 1.
Herbal Remedies for “Ehtebās-e-Tams” from reports of Traditional Persian Medicine.
| Scientific name | Related Pharmacological activities/method, model or assay |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anti-hyperglycemic | Anti-dyslipidemic | Anti-obesity | Ovulation-inducing | |
| Adiantum capillus-veneris L. | + (Aqueous, Methanol extract)/Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats26 | – | – | – |
| Allium cepa L. | + (Seed ethanol extract) Improvement in FBS and HOMA-IR levels/Diabetic-prone rat27 | + Reduction in FFA and TG levels/obesity-prone diabetic fatty rat27 | + May be effective in formation of oil drop in preadipocyte cells/indict27 | + Antioxidants level compensation to modulate apoptosis/PCO -induced rat28 |
| Allium sativum L. | + (Ethanol extract), Serum glucose level reduction and Increasing serum insulin level/streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat29 | + (Ethanol extract), Decreasing the ALT, AST, cholesterol, urea, uric acid and creatinine29 | + Reduction in body weight, visceral fat, MDA and cholesterol levels/High-fat diet rat30 | – |
| Anethum graveolens L. | + (Leaf hydroalcoholic extract), Regulation of diabetes mellitus/corticosteroid-induced type II in rats31 | + Dill tablets versus Gemfibrozil/(Human study) Reduction of cholesterol (18%) and TG (7%)32 | – | + (Ethanol extract), Increase in estrous cycle duration and diestrus phase and progesterone concentration/Rat33 |
| Apium graveolens L. | – | + (Ethanol extract)/Decrease in TG, LDL-Cholesterol, increase in HLD (rat)34 | + (Aqueous extract)/Based on body and organs weights as well as biochemical parameters (rat)35 | – |
| Artemisia absinthium L. | + Improvement in glucose tolerance by increasing in tyrosyl phosphorylation of insulin receptor/Shikonin treated mice36 | + Improvement in lipid profile/Shikonin treated mice36 | + Decrease in weight, resistance to high fat diet/Shikonin treated mice36 | – |
| Asparagus officinalis L. | + (Methanol extract), improving in insulin secretion and β-cell function/streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats37 | + (Ethanol, aqueous extracts), decrease in cholesterol and LDL/Hyperlipidemic mice38 | + (Ethanol, aqueous extracts), decrease in body weight gain/Hyperlipidemic mice38 | + (Aqueous extract), increase in GnRH, FSH, LH, estrogen, progestin hormones levels and number of ovarian follicles/rats39 |
| Cappari sspinosa L. | + (Aqueous extract), decrease in blood glucose level/Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats40 | + (Aqueous extract), decrease in TG and cholesterol/normal and Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats41 | – | – |
| Carum carvi L. | + (Aqueous extracts), decrease in blood glucose/Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats40 | + (Aqueous extract), hypotriglyceridemic, hypocholesterolemic effects/Normal and Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats42 | + Reduction in weight, body mass index, body fat percent, and waist-to-hip ratio/Clinical trial43 | – |
| Cicer arietinum L. | + improvement in insulin resistance, preventive effects on postprandial hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia/Rat44 | + Reduction in LDL-cholesterol and LDL/HDL levels/Rat44 | + Increase in lipoprotein lipase activity/Rat44 | – |
| Cinnamomum verum J. Presl | + (Aqueous extract), reduction in fasting blood glucose level (no hypoglycemic activity)/Diabetic rats45 | + (Aqueous extract), decrease in levels of total cholesterol, HDL, LDL and TG/Diabetic rats45 | – | – |
| Citrulluscolocynthis (L.) Schrad. | + (Fruit capsules), decrease in HbA1c and fasting blood glucose/Clinical trial46 | – | – | – |
| Citrus × aurantium L. | + (Isolated neohesperidin), increase in oral glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, decrease in insulin resistance/KK-Ay diabetic mice47 | + (Neohesperidin), decrease in TG, total cholesterol, leptin level, and liver index/KK-Ay diabetic mice47 | + (Extract), increase glycogenolysis, glycolysis, oxygen uptake, perfusion pressure/Rat48 | – |
| Citrus medica L. | – | – | – | + (Petroleum ether extract), estrogenic effects/Immature ovariectomized rat49 |
| Commiphora mukul (Hook. ex Stocks) Engl. | + (Ethanol extract), preventive effects against alteration in hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase, and glucose-6-phosphatase/Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats50 | + (Ethanol extract), preventive effects against alteration in fatty acid synthase, malic enzyme and lipoprotein lipase/Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats50 | – | – |
| Commiphora myrrha (Nees) Engl. | + (Aqueous extract), decrease in blood glucose level/Diabetic rats51 | + (Guggulipid), decrease in cholesterol level, LDL, TG and cholesterol/HDL levels/Fruit- and vegetable-enriched prudent diet in hypercholesterolemic patients (Clinical trial)52 | – | – |
| Ficus carica L. | + (Aqueous extract), Insulin-like peripheral effect/Diabetic rats53 | + (Aqueous ethanol extract), increasing the HDL, decreasing the LDL and cholesterol/High-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemic rats54 | – | – |
| Foeniculum vulgare Mill. | + (Essential oil), Correcting the hyperglycemia and activity of serum glutathione peroxidase/Diabetic rat55 | + Ameliorates serum glucose, AST, ALT, GGT, LDH, protein, albumin, liver total lipids/Hyperlipidemic rat56 | – | + (Fennel extract), Increases the serum level of estrogen, progesterone, and prolactin/female mice57 |
| Glycyrrhiza glabra L. | – | + (Root powder), reduction in total lipids, cholesterol, TG, LDL and VLDL, increases in HDL/Hypercholesterolemic rat58 | + (Ethanol extract), reduced weight gain and adipose tissue mass/Rat model of high-fat diet induced hyperlipidemia and obesity59 | – |
| Helianthus annuus L. | + (Ethanol extract), decreased blood glucose level, restored lipid profile/streptozotocin induced diabetic rats60 | – | – | – |
| Hypericum perforatum L. | + (Ethyl acetate extract), reduction in plasma glucose level and fasting blood sugar/Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats61 | + (Ethyl acetate extract), Reduction in total cholesterol and TG/Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats61 | + Lowering the total cholesterol and LDL, Inhibiting weight gain, Normalizing the dyslipidemia and improving insulin sensitivity/High-fat-diet induced obese rats62 | – |
| Lepidium sativum L. | + (Seed powder), Decreasing in fasting blood sugar, HbA1C, total cholesterol, TG, lipoprotein fractions, Increase in HDL/Alloxan induced diabetic rats63 | + Reduction in total cholesterol and ALT (6 g/kg diet)/Rats fed with high cholesterol diet64 | – | – |
| Linum usitatissimum L. | + (Ethanol extract), Reduction in serum glucose level in acute and subacute study/Alloxan induced diabetic rat65 | + Reduction in total cholesterol and increasing in HDL/Sprague Dawley rats66 | – | + (Aqueous methanol extract), Increasing in serum estradiol, progesterone, total proteins and cholesterol, ALT and AST activity, Decreasing ovarian cholesterol levels/Immature female rats67 |
| Lupinus albus L. | + (Aqueous suspension), Restore the elevated levels of glucose, urea, creatinine and bilirubin/Alloxan-induced diabetic rats68 | + (Isolated proteins, whole seed), Reduction in total cholesterol and related parameters/Hamsters69 | – | – |
| Matricaria chamomilla L. | + (Ethanol extract), Reducing postprandial hyperglycemia/Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats70 | – | – | + (Ethanol extract), Decreasing the signs of PCOS in ovarian tissue, helping LH secretion/Polycystic ovary-induced rats71 |
| Melissa officinalis L. | + (Essential oil), Reducing blood glucose and TAG concentrations, improving glucose tolerance and serum insulin levels/Mice72 | + (Ethanol extract), Reducing serum total cholesterol, lipid, ALT, AST and ALP levels, and LPO level in liver tissue/Hyperlipidemic rats73 | + (In a combination), Decreasing the adipose tissue mass and body weight/High-fat diet mice74 | – |
| Nigella sativa L. | + (Oil), Reducing blood glucose and hepatic gluconeogenesis/Streptozotocin-induced diabetic hamsters75 | + (Dietary black seed), Lowering the total cholesterol, LDL and MDA, TG/Rabbits with hypercholesterolemic diet76 | – | + (Hydroalcoholic extract), reduction in the serum level of LH, FSH and estrogen/Female rats71 |
| Origanum majorana L. | + (Extraction, aqueous suspension), Comparable to Glibenclamide/Streptozotocin-diabetic mice77 | – | – | + (Infusion, tea), Reduction in DHEA-S, insulin sensitivity improvement/Hormonal profile, PCO (Clinical trial)78 |
| Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss | + Reduction in blood glucose and serum alkaline phosphatase activity/Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats79 | + (Aqueous extract), attenuating the hyperlipidemia/Diabetic rats80 | + (Hydroalcoholic extract), ketohexokinase inhibitory activity, blocking the fructose-induced ATP depletion/Animal81 | – |
| Phaseolus vulgaris L. | + (Aqueous extract), Decline in blood glucose, serum TG, fatty acids, phospholipids, total cholesterol, LDL, and VLDL/Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat82 | + (Aqueous extract), Decline in lipids and fatty acids, palmitic, stearic, oleic acids, increase in linolenic and arachidonic acids/Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat83 | + (Dry bean), Weight loss and improve in plasma lipid profile/Diet-induced obesity mice model (74) | – |
| Pimpinella anisum L. | + (Methanol extract, mostly ethyl acetate fraction), α- glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition/in vitro85 | – | – | – |
| Piper longum L. | – | + (Piperine derivative), Decline in TG, increase in HDL levels, and upregulation of HMG-CoA reductase level/High-fat diet-fed rats86 | – | – |
| Prangos ferulacea (L.) lindel. | + (Hydroalcoholic extract), Glucose and lipid profile reduction/Alloxan-induced diabetic rat87 | – | – | – |
| Prunus domestica L. | – | – | + (carbohydrate-free peach and plum), Potentiality to modify the fecal microbial ecology in obese model/Obese Zucker rats88 | – |
| Ruta graveolens L. | + (Infusion), Amelioration of hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, insulin and C-peptide concentrations/streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetic rat89 | + (Hydroalcoholic extract), Decrease in cholesterol, LDL, VLDL and TG/Diabetic rats90 | – | – |
| Thymus vulgaris L. | + (Aqueous extract), Decrease in FBS, LDL, VLDL, TG and cholesterol/Alloxan-induced diabetic rats91 | + (Aqueous extract), Decrease in FBS, LDL, VLDL, TG and cholesterol/Alloxan-induced diabetic rats91 | – | – |
| Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague | – | + (Seed powder), Reduction in lipids, cholesterol, LDL, TG and HMG-COA reductase, Increase in HDL/Hyperlipidemia-induced rabbits92 | – | – |
| Trigonella foenum-graecum L. | + (Soluble dietary fiber fraction), Lowering the serum fructosamine/Type II model of diabetic rats93 | + (Seed powder), Reduction in total cholesterol, LDL, and the atherogenic index, Increase in HDL/Hyperlipidemia-induced rabbits94 | + (Seed extract), Reduction in fat energy intake-total energy expenditure ratio, Decrease in insulin-glucose ratio/Overweight male participants (Clinical trial)95 | + (Seed powder), Increase in circulating plasma progesterone concentrations at 10 and 20 days of gestation/Female white New Zealand rabbits96 |
| Urtica dioica L. | + (Aqueous extract), Strong glucose lowering effect (Pretreatment)/Alloxan-induced diabetic rats97 | + (Aqueous extract), Decrease in the body weight, TG, Cholesterol, and LDL/Type II diabetic model rats98 | – | + (Dry), Decrease in testosterone and DHEA level/Woman with hyperandrogenism (Clinical trial)98 |
| Zataria multiflora Boiss. | + (Extract), insulin, adiponectin, glucose and TG levels improved, PPARγ protein level increased/High fructose diet for rats99 | + (Extract), insulin, adiponectin, glucose and TG levels improved, PPARγ protein level increased/High fructose diet for rats99 | – | – |