Dimeric product formed from one-electron oxidation of HE and analogs. (Modified from Ref. [87]. Reprinted from Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics, Modified Metformin as a More Potent Anticancer Drug: Mitochondrial Inhibition, Redox Signaling, Antiproliferative Effects and Future EPR Studies, 75, 2017, 311-7, B. Kalyanaraman, G. Cheng, M. Hardy, O. Ouari, A. Sikora, J. Zielonka, M.B. Dwinell with permission of Springer.).