Table 2.
Hypertensive Status and Discrimination (Random Effects Models)
| Comparison | Effect sizes | N | Fisher Z | Bootstrap 95% CI | QT | Fail-safe n |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All studies | 24 | 18,987 | .048 | (.013, .087) | 40.413* | 1132 |
| Moderators | ||||||
| Age | 20 | 15,097 | .053 | (.009, .096) | 34.991* | 1032 |
| Sex (% male) | 23 | 16,480 | .044 | (.008, .085) | 38.004* | 978 |
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| Black only | 13 | 6,312 | .045 | (.002, .102) | 18.605 | 578 |
| Hispanic only | 2 | 1,404 | −.033 | (−.094, .000) | 1.000 | 0 |
| White only | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| % Black | 24 | 18,987 | .048 | (.012, .087) | 40.205* | 1133 |
| Marital status (% married) | 10 | 8,220 | .026 | (−.041, .084) | 11.681 | 249 |
| SES | ||||||
| Household income | 4 | 1,892 | −.018 | (−.078, .049) | 2.328 | 0 |
| Education (% HS degree or less) | 21 | 16,325 | .051 | (.012, .093) | 33.677* | 1041 |
| BMI | 9 | 7,643 | .032 | (−.018, .074) | 13.107 | 278 |
| Smoking (% smokers) | 12 | 7,259 | .053 | (−.014, .130) | 20.337* | 624 |
| Hypertensive status | ||||||
| % hypertensive | 22 | 16,398 | .051 | (.009, .095) | 41.085 | 1100 |
| % taking medication | 6 | 5,317 | .024 | (−.055, .105) | 7.286 | 138 |
| HTN assessment | ||||||
| Physician diagnosis/medication (self-report) | 15 | 10,727 | .072 | (.025, .118) | 23.729* | 1076 |
| Measured blood pressure (>140/90 mmHg) | 9 | 8,260 | .014 | (−.036, .059) | 12.984 | 119 |
| Discrimination assessment | ||||||
| Discrimination measure | ||||||
| Perceived Racism Scale | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Experiences of Discrimination | 8 | 2,365 | .047 | (−.002, .090) | 9.706 | 369 |
| Everyday Discrimination Scale | 7 | 8,170 | .060 | (.020, .100) | 6.825 | 416 |
| Other standardized measure | 6 | 4,467 | .045 | (−.013, .125) | 7.017 | 266 |
| Researcher-defined questions | 3 | 3,985 | .034 | (−.034, .119) | 1.734 | 98 |
| Nature of discrimination | ||||||
| Racism | 15 | 9,086 | .053 | (−.007, .120) | 25.604* | 786 |
| Discrimination (nonspecific) | 9 | 9,901 | .049 | (.007, .087) | 10.866 | 433 |
| Discrimination type | ||||||
| Interpersonal (nonspecific) | 11 | 10,315 | .041 | (−.003, .083) | 13.809 | 439 |
| Institutional setting | 3 | 1,496 | .055 | (.000, .250) | 2.904 | 164 |
| Discrimination time frame | ||||||
| Lifetime | 16 | 9,796 | .041 | (−.011, .093) | 27.100* | 639 |
| Past year | 5 | 6,549 | .054 | (−.009, .096) | 5.445 | 266 |
| Blacks only | ||||||
| Moderators | ||||||
| Education (% HS degree or less) | 10 | 3,650 | .050 | (.055, .117) | 11.635 | 491 |
| Smoking (% smokers) | 5 | 1,329 | .114 | (.044, .229) | 4.410 | 565 |
| Physician diagnosis/medication (self-report) | 7 | 4,016 | .075 | (.032, .155) | 8.839 | 516 |
| Experiences of discrimination | 3 | 670 | .128 | (.016, .360) | 2.370 | 380 |
| Other standardized measure | 3 | 1,043 | .096 | (.008, .250) | 2.103 | 286 |
| Past year | 3 | 1,294 | .064 | (.016, .087) | 0.868 | 190 |
Note. Significant effects are bolded; effect sizes refers to number of nonredundant effect sizes; fail-safe n using Orwin’s method; cells with a dash = not applicable due to limited number of effect sizes. QT = heterogeneity test statistic; SES = socioeconomic status; HS = high school; BMI = body mass index; HTN = hypertension.
*
p < .05.