Table 3.
Resting Systolic Blood Pressure and Discrimination (Random Effects Models)
| Comparison | Effect sizes | N | Fisher Z | Bootstrap 95% CI | QT | Fail-safe n |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All studies | 40 | 19,449 | .011 | (−.006, .031) | 46.001 | 407 |
| Moderators | ||||||
| Age | 38 | 17,812 | .007 | (−.011, .028) | 43.670 | 244 |
| Sex (% male) | 40 | 19,449 | .011 | (−.006, .032) | 45.474 | 416 |
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| Black only | 20 | 5,139 | .023 | (−.005, .049) | 19.589 | 444 |
| Hispanic only | 7 | 1,922 | .029 | (−.016, .090) | 7.304 | 197 |
| White only | 4 | 1,991 | −.012 | (−.019, .052) | 1.945 | 0 |
| % Black | 40 | 19,449 | .012 | (−.007, .031) | 45.263 | 420 |
| Marital status (% married) | 11 | 8,971 | .007 | (−.024, .037) | 14.608 | 64 |
| SES | ||||||
| Household income | 11 | 3,431 | .006 | (−.029, .032) | 4.324 | 51 |
| Education (% HS degree or less) | 23 | 16,005 | .007 | (−.012, .033) | 30.145 | 144 |
| BMI | 28 | 14,945 | .007 | (−.012, .030) | 33.159 | 130 |
| Smoking (% smokers) | 15 | 7,715 | .012 | (.002, .038) | 9.938 | 160 |
| Hypertensive status | ||||||
| % hypertensive | 30 | 11,953 | .007 | (−.005, .023) | 26.433 | 190 |
| % taking medication | 31 | 15,738 | −.005 | (−.015, .014) | 28.903 | 0 |
| Clinic/laboratory/school | 35 | 18,727 | .013 | (−.004, .036) | 40.549 | 406 |
| No. of readings | 28 | 15,662 | .012 | (−.006, .038) | 28.172 | 270 |
| Ambulatory BP | ||||||
| Daytime | 6 | 791 | .034 | (−.054, .172) | 5.586 | 200 |
| Nighttimea | 5 | 579 | .153 | (.038, .193) | 2.275 | 761 |
| 24 hra | 4 | 561 | .043 | (−.096, .082) | 2.900 | 167 |
| Dippinga | 3 | 517 | −.129 | (−.244, .020) | 2.195 | 0 |
| Discrimination assessment | ||||||
| Discrimination measure | ||||||
| Perceived Racism Scale | 6 | 584 | −.007 | (−.067, .109) | 5.107 | 0 |
| Experiences of Discrimination | 5 | 2,716 | .029 | (.000, .044) | 1.564 | 139 |
| Everyday Discrimination Scale | 16 | 12,683 | −.004 | (−.018, .016) | 15.261 | 0 |
| Other standardized measure | 8 | 1,493 | .034 | (−.018, .106) | 7.656 | 266 |
| Researcher-defined questions | 6 | 2,136 | −.005 | (−.117, .094) | 9.382 | 0 |
| Nature of discrimination | ||||||
| Racism | 29 | 7,268 | .017 | (−.013, .047) | 33.911 | 471 |
| Discrimination (nonspecific) | 11 | 12,181 | −.006 | (−.019, .022) | 10.134 | 0 |
| Discrimination type | ||||||
| Interpersonal (nonspecific) | 19 | 13,170 | .001 | (−.015, .025) | 20.605 | 0 |
| Institutional setting | 4 | 2,871 | .046 | (.040, .060) | 0.275 | 178 |
| Discrimination time frame | ||||||
| Lifetime | 30 | 14,671 | .007 | (−.010, .033) | 32.452 | 190 |
| Past year | 9 | 4,504 | .012 | (−.032, .085) | 9.482 | 140 |
| Blacks only | ||||||
| Moderators | ||||||
| Smoking (% smokers) | 7 | 1,138 | .021 | (.001, .121) | 5.013 | 137 |
| Nighttime ABP | 3 | 161 | .171 | (.070, .245) | 0.759 | 511 |
| Experiences of discrimination | 3 | 2,103 | .037 | (.000, .056) | 0.949 | 107 |
| Institutional setting | 3 | 1,749 | .050 | (.048, .080) | 0.196 | 147 |
Note. Significant effects are bolded; effect sizes refers to number of nonredundant effect sizes; fail-safe n using Orwin’s method. QT = heterogeneity test statistic; SES = socioeconomic status; HS = high school; BMI = body mass index; BP = blood pressure; ABP = ambulatory blood pressure.
*
p < .05.
a
Not included in resting blood pressure analyses.