Table 4.
Resting Diastolic Blood Pressure and Discrimination (Random Effects Models)
| Comparison | Effect sizes | N | Fisher Z | Bootstrap 95% CI | QT | Fail-safe n |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All studies | 40 | 15,602 | .016 | (−.006, .034) | 37.923 | 597 |
| Moderators | ||||||
| Age | 38 | 13,965 | .013 | (−.011, .034) | 38.014 | 435 |
| Sex (% male) | 40 | 15,602 | .016 | (−.005, .034) | 37.114 | 587 |
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| Black only | 21 | 7,965 | .039 | (.006, .056) | 19.118 | 803 |
| Hispanic only | 7 | 1,869 | .056 | (−.006, .076) | 2.270 | 387 |
| White only | 5 | 3,859 | −.029 | (−.063, −.011) | 4.481 | 0 |
| % Black | 40 | 15,602 | .017 | (−.005, .037) | 39.912 | 622 |
| Marital status (% married) | 10 | 5,177 | .011 | (−.031, .049) | 13.212 | 99 |
| SES | ||||||
| Household income | 11 | 3,378 | .019 | (−.031, .057) | 9.640 | 199 |
| Education (% HS degree or less) | 23 | 12,158 | .018 | (−.007, .043) | 22.221 | 395 |
| BMI | 28 | 11,098 | .015 | (−.010, .047) | 22.858 | 390 |
| Smoking (% smokers) | 14 | 3,921 | .033 | (−.004, .062) | 10.714 | 447 |
| Hypertensive status | ||||||
| % hypertensive | 29 | 8,159 | .012 | (−.014, .041) | 30.570 | 313 |
| % taking medication | 30 | 11,944 | .009 | (−.014, .032) | 28.125 | 237 |
| Clinic/laboratory/school | 33 | 3,200 | .012 | (−.013, .036) | 31.623 | 377 |
| No. of readings | 27 | 11,744 | .019 | (−.010, .047) | 25.379 | 481 |
| Ambulatory BP | ||||||
| Daytime | 6 | 791 | .057 | (−.034, .199) | 5.727 | 337 |
| Nighttimea | 5 | 579 | .138 | (.091, .237) | 2.574 | 687 |
| 24 hra | 4 | 561 | .031 | (−.077, .060) | 2.002 | 119 |
| Dippinga | 3 | 517 | −.139 | (−.266, −.085) | 2.151 | 0 |
| Discrimination assessment | ||||||
| Discrimination measure | ||||||
| Perceived Racism Scale | 6 | 584 | −.009 | (−.088, .121) | 5.292 | 0 |
| Experiences of Discrimination | 6 | 2,878 | .030 | (.005, .046) | 1.618 | 176 |
| Everyday Discrimination Scale | 16 | 8,888 | .010 | (−.021, .039) | 13.166 | 138 |
| Other standardized measure | 7 | 1,331 | .034 | (.004, .082) | 3.275 | 230 |
| Researcher-defined questions | 6 | 2,083 | −.007 | (−.115, .057) | 5.554 | 0 |
| Nature of discrimination | ||||||
| Racism | 29 | 7,215 | .021 | (−.006, .046) | 27.944 | 590 |
| Discrimination (nonspecific) | 11 | 8,387 | .011 | (−.029, .043) | 10.429 | 105 |
| Discrimination type | ||||||
| Interpersonal (nonspecific) | 19 | 9,323 | .009 | (−.021, .039) | 14.875 | 160 |
| Institutional setting | 4 | 2,871 | .060 | (.045, .077) | 0.693 | 236 |
| Discrimination time frame | ||||||
| Lifetime | 31 | 14,671 | .019 | (−.005, .039) | 29.472 | 565 |
| Past year | 8 | 657 | −.070 | (−.131, .002) | 4.408 | 0 |
| Blacks only | ||||||
| Moderators | ||||||
| Sex (% male) | 21 | 7,965 | .039 | (.008, .056) | 18.956 | 788 |
| Nighttime ABP | 3 | 161 | .227 | (.179, .255) | 0.172 | 679 |
| Other standardized measure | 5 | 828 | .032 | (.003, .087) | 1.522 | 152 |
| Institutional setting | 3 | 1,749 | .048 | (.045, .051) | 0.018 | 140 |
| Lifetime | 14 | 7,305 | .041 | (.007, .058) | 13.000 | 555 |
Note. Significant effects are bolded; effect sizes refers to number of nonredundant effect sizes; fail-safe n using Orwin’s method. QT = heterogeneity test statistic; SES = socioeconomic status; HS = high school; BMI = body mass index; BP = blood pressure; ABP = ambulatory blood pressure.
*
p < .05.
a
Not included in resting blood pressure analyses.