Table 5.
Best-Fitting Multilevel Models by Health Outcome Category
| Self-rated health | ||||||
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| Subjective SES | −.12*** | |||||
| Household income | −.07*** | |||||
| R2 model | .060 | |||||
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| Mental health | ||||||
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| Self-esteem | Anxiety | Anger | Depression | |||
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| Subjective SES | −.10*** | −.06** | −.09*** | −.10*** | ||
| Household income | −.06** | −.02 | −.04 | −.03 | ||
| School district income | −.02 | .01 | .07** | −.01 | ||
| Income inequality | −.04** | −.01 | −.06* | .01 | ||
| R2 model | .046 | .056 | .036 | .059 | ||
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| Health behaviors | ||||||
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| Physical activity | Physical inactivity | Diet: Breakfast | Diet: Fruits/vegetables | |||
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| Subjective SES | −.08*** | −.01 | −.03 | −.06** | ||
| Household income | −.03 | −.12*** | −.08** | −.03 | ||
| Parent education | −.08*** | −.09** | −.08** | −.17*** | ||
| School edu/employ | .02 | −.10** | .01 | −.09** | ||
| School district income | .00 | .07 | .06* | .04 | ||
| Income inequality | .02 | −.02 | −.04 | .06* | ||
| R2 model | .076 | .033 | .025 | .042 | ||
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| Substance use behaviors | ||||||
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| Cigarettes | Alcohol | Drugs | ||||
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| Household income | .04 | .05* | −.01 | |||
| Parent education | −.08*** | .05 | .01 | |||
| School poverty | .06* | .11*** | .08** | |||
| School edu/employ | −.05 | −.07*** | −.04 | |||
| R2 model | .023 | .020 | .018 | |||
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| Reported physical health | ||||||
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| General symptoms | Chronic conditions | Limiting conditions | Injuries | Asthma | ||
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| Subjective SES | −.08*** | .02 | −.01 | .01 | .04* | |
| Household income | .00 | −.03 | −.05 | .03 | −.09*** | |
| Parent education | −.06* | .03 | −.06* | .03 | −.01 | |
| School district income | .04 | .01 | .03 | .03 | .08** | |
| Income inequality | −.02 | −.01 | −.03 | .02 | −.08** | |
| R2 model | .058 | .015 | .010 | .006 | .008 | |
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| Metabolic biomarkers | ||||||
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| BMI | HDL | LDL | Glucose | Insulin | Triglycerides | |
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| Household income | −.02 | .01 | .01 | −.05 | −.07** | −.02 |
| Parent education | −.07** | .03 | −.04 | .02 | .02 | −.02 |
| School poverty | .07* | −.02 | .00 | −.02 | .00 | −.03 |
| R2 model | .006 | .008 | .006 | .007 | .003 | .007 |
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| Cardiovascular and inflammatory biomarkers | ||||||
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| C–reactive protein | Systolic BP | Diastolic BP | ||||
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| Subjective SES | −.04* | .02 | −.02 | |||
| Household income | .01 | −.07*** | −.05* | |||
| Parent education | −.04 | −.05* | −.07* | |||
| School poverty | .05 | .08* | .05 | |||
| School edu/employ | −.05 | −.10* | −.10* | |||
| R2 model | .003 | .006 | .009 | |||
Note. SES = socioeconomic status; School edu/employ = school education/employment index; BMI = Body Mass Index; HDL = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL = low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; BP = blood pressure. All SES variables are coded such that a higher value indicates higher SES (and greater income inequality). All health outcomes are coded such that a higher value indicates more health problems. Age and sex are included as covariates for all models. Standardized beta coefficients are displayed.
*
p < .05.
**
p < .01.
***
p < .001.