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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Am J Psychiatry. 2017 Sep 26;175(1):47–53. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17040413

Table 2.

Prospective associations of Wave 1 cannabis use and Wave 2 prevalent and incident nonmedical prescription opioid use in the NESARCA

Wave 1 any past year cannabis use predicting N in analysis Odds Ratio 95% CI Adjusted Odds RatioB 95% CI
Overall population
 Wave 2 prevalent nonmedical opioid use 34,534 8.74 6.98–10.93 3.54 2.74–4.57
 Wave 2 incident nonmedical opioid use 32,888 5.78 4.23–7.90 2.62 1.86–3.69
 Population without Wave 1 cannabis use disorders
  Wave 2 prevalent nonmedical opioid use 34,091 7.43 5.59–9.87 3.35 2.48–4.52
  Wave 2 incident nonmedical opioid use 32,616 5.67 3.97–8.09 2.78 1.91–4.04
 Population with painC
  Wave 2 prevalent nonmedical opioid use 6,920 10.30 6.89–15.39 3.97 2.44–6.46
  Wave 2 incident nonmedical opioid use 6,518 6.74 4.09–11.10 2.99 1.63–5.47
A

NESARC denotes National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions.

B

Adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, other substance use disorders, any mood or anxiety disorder and family history of drug use disorder, alcohol use disorder, depression, and antisocial personality disorder at Wave 1. The “Overall population” and “Population without Wave 1 cannabis use disorders” analyses were also adjusted for pain at Wave 1.

C

Pain denotes moderate to extreme pain interference in the last 2 weeks.