Table 1A.
Characteristics of participants free of heart failure who underwent routine Framingham Study echocardiography (1985–2014)
| 1985–1994 (n=3901 person-observations) | 1995–2004 (n=6459 person-observations) | 2005–2014 (2497 person-observations) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LVEF | <40% | ≥40–<50% | ≥50% | P* | <40% | ≥40–<50% | ≥50% | P* | <40% | ≥40 –<50% |
≥50% | P* |
| N, person obs. | 31 | 101 | 3,769 | 46 | 49 | 6364 | 14 | 41 | 2,442 | |||
| Age, years | 64 (12) | 58 (15) | 55 (13) | <.0001 | 64 (8) | 62 (9) | 47 (13) | <.0001 | 74 (9) | 70 (8) | 66 (9) | <.0001 |
| Men, % | 80.7 | 75.3 | 42.6 | <.0001 | 87.0 | 81.6 | 44.5 | <.0001 | 78.6 | 90.2 | 43.8 | <.0001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 26.0 (4.0) | 26.9 (4.8) | 26.4 (4.5) | 0.74 | 28.6 (4.6) | 27.1 (4.0) | 26.9 (5.1) | 0.045 | 26.4 (4.8) | 28.6 (4.5) | 28.1 (5.2) | 0.65 |
| Obese, % | 9.7 | 23.8 | 18.1 | 0.16 | 30.4 | 24.5 | 22.6 | 0.42 | 21.4 | 31.7 | 30.2 | 0.76 |
| Systolic BP, mm Hg | 135 (17) | 135 (23) | 129 (21) | 0.002 | 134 (16) | 129 (18) | 121 (17) | <.0001 | 120 (15) | 134 (19) | 128 (17) | 0.99 |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg | 76 (9) | 79 (11) | 78 (10) | 0.98 | 76 (9) | 74 (10) | 75 (10) | 0.94 | 67 (13) | 74 (16) | 74 (10) | 0.04 |
| HTN, % | 71.0 | 54.5 | 39.7 | <.0001 | 69.6 | 59.2 | 25.5 | <.0001 | 64.3 | 68.3 | 56.0 | 0.24 |
| DM, % | 9.7 | 12.1 | 4.7 | 0.003 | 32.6 | 14.3 | 4.6 | <.0001 | 28.6 | 24.4 | 11.8 | 0.009 |
| Smoker, % | 22.6 | 24.8 | 21.0 | 0.65 | 13.0 | 18.4 | 14.9 | 0.74 | 14.3 | 12.2 | 9.1 | 0.40 |
| Total/HDL cholesterol | 4.87 (1.35) | 4.77(1.72) | 4.49(1.61) | 0.04 | 4.66 (1.27) | 4.21 (1.16) | 3.97 (1.47) | 0.0009 | 3.43 (1.28) | 3.53 (0.93) | 3.46 (1.05) | 0.87 |
| MI, % | 41.9 | 15.8 | 2.1 | <.0001 | 50.0 | 24.5 | 0.74 | <.0001 | 28.6 | 31.7 | 3.2 | <.0001 |
| CHD, % | 71.0 | 27.7 | 6.3 | <.0001 | 65.2 | 44.9 | 2.3 | <.0001 | 35.7 | 43.9 | 8.4 | <.0001 |
| AF, % | 9.7 | 6.9 | 1.5 | <.0001 | 28.3 | 14.3 | 0.93 | <.0001 | 28.6 | 31.7 | 4.8 | <.0001 |
| LVEF,% | 34.3 (3.2) | 46.7 (2.2) | 65.6 (7.1) | <.0001 | 33.2 (4.2) | 45.7 (1.8) | 66.4 (4.3) | <.0001 | 33.9 (4.0) | 45.4 (2.5) | 68.1 (5.2) | <.0001 |
Values are mean (SD) for continuous variables.
*
P for trend across LVEF categories in a given decade of interest.
AF= atrial fibrillation, BP= blood pressure, CHD = coronary heart disease, DM= diabetes mellitus, FS= fractional shortening, HDL= high density lipoprotein cholesterol, HTN= hypertension, LVEF= left ventricular ejection fraction, MI = myocardial infarction, NA = serum creatinine not available at index examination.
†
Data on 8883 participants with available values of serum creatinine