Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the examined cohorts
| Baseline characteristics | Whole sample | No prior fracture | With prior fracture (N = 1574) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (N = 7753)a | Women (N = 5566) | Men (N = 2187) | Total (N = 6162) |
Women (N = 4348) |
Men (N = 1814) |
Total (N = 1574)b |
Women (N = 1206) |
Men (N = 368) |
|
| Demographic characteristics | |||||||||
| Age, years: Mean (SD) | 66.7 (9.4) | 66.8 (9.3) | 66.3 (9.5) | 66.2 (9.3) | 66.2 (9.2) | 66.2 (9.5) | 68.4 (9.3) | 68.9 (9.2) | 66.6 (9.4) |
| Age group: n (%) | |||||||||
| 50 to <65 | 3205 (42) | 2263 (41) | 942 (43) | 2678 (43) | 1892 (43) | 780 (43) | 523 (33.2) | 369 (30.6) | 154 (41.9) |
| 65 to <80 | 3828 (49) | 2780 (50) | 1048 (48) | 2947 (48) | 2080 (48) | 867 (48) | 872 (55.4) | 693 (57.5) | 179 (48.6) |
| ≥ 80 | 72 (9) | 523 (9) | 197 (9) | 537 (9) | 376 (9) | 161 (9) | 179 (11.4) | 144 (11.9) | 35 (9.5) |
| Females: n (%) | 5566 (72) | 5566 (72) | 0 (0) | 4348 (71) | 4348 (100) | 0 (0) | 1206 (77) | 1206 (100) | 0 (0) |
| Education (some university or higher): n (%) | 1899 (24) | 1166 (21) | 733 (33) | 1476 (24) | 871 (20) | 605 (33) | 421 (26.8) | 295 (24.5) | 126 (34.2) |
| Caucasians: n (%) | 7405 (96) | 5361 (96) | 2044 (93) | 5852 (95) | 4164 (96) | 1688 (93) | 1536 (97.6) | 1185 (98.3) | 351 (95.4) |
| Employment: n (%) | |||||||||
| Employed (FT, PT) | 1711 (22) | 1087 (19) | 624 (28) | 1426 (23) | 911 (21) | 515 (28) | 282 (17.9) | 175 (14·5) | 107 (29.1) |
| Homemaker | 1433 (18) | 1431 (26) | 2 (1) | 1121 (18) | 1119 (26) | 2·0 (0.1) | 306 (19.4) | 306 (25.4) | 0 (0) |
| Retired | 4250 (55) | 2826 (51) | 110 (65) | 3321 (54) | 2136 (49) | 1185(65) | 921 (58.5) | 685 (56·8) | 236 (64.1) |
| Unemployed, disability, other | 357 (5) | 220 (4) | 137 (6) | 292 (5) | 180 (4) | 112 (6) | 65 (4.2) | 40 (3·3) | 25 (6.8) |
| Living alone: n (%) | 2573 (33) | 2069 (37) | 504 (23) | 1939 (31) | 1528 (35) | 411 (23) | 630 (40) | 538 (44·6) | 92 (25) |
| Anthropometric and lifestyle factors | |||||||||
| Body Mass Index [BMI], kg/m2: Mean (SD) | 27.1 (4.8) | 27.0 (5.1) | 27.2 (4.0) | 27.1 (4.7) | 27.0 (5.0) | 27.2 (4.0) | 27.1 (4.9) | 27.1 (5.2) | 27.0 (3.8) |
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2): number (%) | |||||||||
| Underweight: BMI < 18.5 | 130 (2) | 112 (2) | 18 (1) | 90 (2) | 74 (2) | 16 (0.9) | 40 (2.6) | 21 (1.8) | 2 (1) |
| Normal weight: BMI: 18.5 to <25.0 | 2529 (34) | 1926 (36) | 603 (28) | 2055 (34) | 1549 (37) | 506 (28·7) | 470 (31) | 267 (23) | 97 (26) |
| Overweight: BMI: 25.0 to <30.0 | 3115 (41) | 2046 (38) | 1069 (50) | 2456 (41) | 1582 (37) | 874 (49·5) | 652 (43) | 460(40) | 192(52) |
| Obesity, class I-III: 30.0 to <40.0 | 1644 (22) | 1217 (23) | 427 (20) | 1307 (22) | 947 (22) | 360 (20·4) | 332 (22) | 373 (32) | 65 (18) |
| Obesity, class IV: ≥ 40.0 | 106 (1) | 93 (1) | 13 (1) | 82 (1) | 72 (2) | 10 (0·6) | 24 (1.6) | 38(3) | 3(1) |
| Ever lost 10 pounds: number (%) | 3897 (50) | 2854 (51) | 1043 (48) | 3036 (49) | 2193 (50) | 843 (41) | 850 (54) | 653 (54) | 197 (54) |
| Physical activity, all exercise (kilocal/week): Mean (SD) | 4354.6 (3634.9) | 4123.4 (3156.3) | 4937.8 (4581.8) | 4402.2 (3599.1) | 4187.5 (3150.9) | 4917.3 (4454.3) | 4163 (3780) | 3887.4 (3174) | 5053 (5191) |
| Strenuous exercise- jogging, bicycling, tennis, swimming (kilocal/week): Mean (SD) | 304.5 (1134.6) | 222.5 (842.5) | 512·5 (1640.9) | 306·7 (1105.7) | 229.3 (846.6) | 492·4 (1545.1) | 298.1 (1247.3) | 198.4 (830.4) | 619.9 (2056) |
| Vigorous exercise -moving heavy furniture, shoveling, weight lifting (kilocal/week): | |||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 411.3 (1798.7) | 196.5 (1042.0) | 956.5 (2877.5) | 432.2 (1831.5) | 206.1 (1026.1) | 974.4 (2908.6) | 330.6 (1669) | 163.1 (1103) | 871.7 (2736) |
| Moderate exercise- housework, brisk walking, golfing, bowling, gardening (kilocal/week): | |||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 3637.7 (2894.8) | 3704.2 (2812.7) | 3468.9 (3087.7) | 3663.2 (2903.5) | 3751.8 (2834.4) | 3450.8 (3053.1) | 3534.4 (2866.6) | 3525.9 (2731.8) | 3561.8 (3268.5) |
| Smoking: n (%) | |||||||||
| Non-smoker | 3590 (46) | 2956 (53) | 634 (29) | 2837 (46) | 2314 (53) | 523 (29) | 746 (47) | 636 (53) | 110 (30) |
| Past smoker | 3054 (39) | 1855 (33) | 119 (55) | 2450 (40) | 1450 (33) | 1000(55) | 597(38) | 402(33) | 195(53) |
| Current smoker | 1107 (14) | 754 (14) | 353 (16) | 874 (14) | 583 (14) | 291 (16) | 230 (15) | 168 (14) | 62 (17) |
| Alcohol consumption, drinks per year | 150.4 (304.9) | 102.1 (211.8) | 273.3 (441.0) | 151.7 (306.8) | 100.4 (210.7) | 274.5 (438) | 145.2 (296.7) | 108.6 (216.2) | 265.4 (453) |
| Alcohol consumption per day: n(%) | |||||||||
| None | 3296 (42) | 2643 (48) | 653 (30) | 2601 (42.2) | 2064 (47.5) | 537(29.6) | 687(43.7) | 572(47.3) | 115(31.3) |
| 0–1 | 3082 (40) | 2204 (40) | 878 (40) | 2452 (39.8) | 1724 (39.7) | 728(40.1) | 625(39.7) | 477(39.6) | 148(40.2) |
| 1–3 | 1176 (15) | 674 (12) | 502 (23) | 953 (15.5) | 533 (12.3) | 420 (23.2) | 220 (14.0) | 139 (11.5) | 81 (22.0) |
| ≥ 3 | 199 (3) | 45 (1) | 154 (7) | 156 (2.5) | 27 (0.6) | 129 (7.1) | 42 (2.7) | 18 (1.5) | 24 (6.5) |
| Bone and overall health | |||||||||
| BMD T-score at the femoral neck, baseline: Mean (SD) | −1.5 (1.0) | −1.6 (1.0) | −1.2 (0.8) | −1.4 (1.0) | −1.6 (1.0) | −1.2 (0.8) | −1.8 (1.0) | −2.0 (1.0) | −1.4 (0.85) |
| Baseline low trauma fracture, excluding head, toe and finger fractures: n (%) | 1574 (20) | 1206 (22) | 368 (17) | NA | NA | NA | 1574 (100) | 1206 (100) | 368 (100) |
| Mean number of comorbiditiesc, Mean (SD) | 1.3 (1.3) | 1.5 (1.3) | 1.3 (1.3) | 1.3 (1.3) | 1.4 (1.3) | 1.1 (1.1) | 1.5 (1.4) | 1.6 (1.4) | 1.2 (1.1) |
| Comorbiditiesc, count: n (%) | |||||||||
| None | 2289 (29) | 1476 (27) | 813 (37) | 1889 (31) | 1197 (27) | 692 (38) | 395 (25) | 277 (23) | 118 (32) |
| 1 | 2531 (33) | 1785 (32) | 746 (34) | 2039 (33) | 1422 (33) | 617 (34) | 488 (31) | 359 (30) | 129 (35) |
| 2–4 | 2742 (35) | 2136 (38) | 606 (28) | 2094 (34) | 1606 (37) | 488 (27) | 640 (41) | 524 (43) | 116 (32) |
| ≥ 5 | 191 (3) | 169 (3) | 22 (1) | 140 (2) | 123 (3) | 17 (1) | 51 (3) | 46 (4) | 5 (1) |
| Falls (past month): n (%) | 503 (6.0) | 356 (7.0) | 138 (6.0) | 379 (6.2) | 272 (6.4) | 107 (5.9) | 124 (7.9) | 93 (7.7) | 31 (8.4) |
| Immobilized: n(%) | 1049 (13) | 754 (14) | 295 (13) | 702 (11) | 485 (11) | 217 (12) | 345 (21.9) | 267 (22) | 78 (21) |
| Calcium intake, food & supplements (mg/day): Mean (SD) | 1020.6 (617.8) | 1062.1 (625.8) | 913.9 (583.2) | 1005.1 (611.5) | 1048.6 (622.2) | 899.9(571.7) | 1081.8 (639.0) | 1111.7 (637.6) | 983.4 (636.6) |
| Vitamin D, food and supplements (IU/day): Mean (SD) | 298.1 (1003.4) | 331.9 (1157.0) | 211.8 (387.0) | 276.8 (883.1) | 305.2 (1027.2) | 208.8 (334.0) | 382.0 (1378) | 429.9 (1537.0) | 224.6 (582.1) |
| Use of antiresorptive drugs, baseline: n(%) | 1527 (20) | 1522 (27) | 5 (0·2) | 1217 (20) | 1214 (28) | 3 (0.2) | 308 (19·6) | 306 (25·4) | 2 (0.54) |
| Use of antiresorptive drugs, year 10: n(%) | 1361 (31) | 1269 (39) | 92 (8) | 1059 (30·1) | 990 (38.3) | 69 (7.4) | 301 (36.4) | 278 (43) | 23 (12.7) |
| Health-Related quality of life | |||||||||
| SF-36, Physical subscale score: Mean (SD) | 46.2 (10.4) | 45.7 (10.6) | 47.6 (9.7) | 46.7 (10.2) | 46.3 (10.4) | 47.8 (9.7) | 44.1 (10.8) | 43.4 (11.1) | 46.4 (9.6) |
| SF-36, Mental health subscale score: Mean (SD) | 53.8 (8.6) | 53.4 (8.9) | 54.7 (7.8) | 53.7 (8.6) | 53.4 (8.8) | 54.6 (7.9) | 54.0 (8.7) | 53.6 (9.2) | 55.3 (6.9) |
| Cognitive status | |||||||||
| MMSE, total score: Mean (SD) | 27.8 (2.4) | 28.1 (2.3) | 27.6 (2.7) | 28.0 (2.4) | 28.1 (2.3) | 27.6 (2.6) | 28.1 (2.4) | 28.1 (2.2) | 27.8 (3.0) |
aSample including all reported fractures; b Sample with low-incident fractures, excluding head, finger and toe fractures; n number of participants, SD standard deviation; NA not applicable; cComorbidities included in the Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study (CaMos) Frailty Index: osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, thyroid disease, breast cancer, uterine/prostate cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, hypertension, heart disease, stroke, thrombophlebitis, neuromuscular disease, diabetes type 1 or type 2, and kidney disease; MMSE Mini Mental State Examination, assessed in participants age 65+ years