Table 1.
Summary of patient characteristics and coagulation tests by the severity of TBI
| Severe injury (GCS 3–8) | Moderate injury (GCS 9–12) | Mild injury (GCS 13–15) | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 662 | 547 | 1110 | 2319 |
| Age (yrs) (mean ± SD) | 47.84 ± 16.03 | 48.07 ± 15.95 | 47.05 ± 17.03 | 47.52 ± 16.50 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 513 (77.5) | 430 (78.6) | 819 (73.8) | 1762 (76.0) |
| Female | 149 (22.5) | 117 (21.4) | 291 (26.2) | 557 (24.0) |
| Mechanism of injury | ||||
| Motor vehicle accident | 422 (63.7) | 334 (61.1) | 593 (53.4) | 1349 (58.2) |
| Fall | 99 (15.0) | 78 (14.3) | 147 (13.2) | 324 (14.0) |
| Stumble | 86 (13.0) | 83 (15.2) | 219 (19.7) | 388 (16.7) |
| Blow to head | 32 (4.8) | 29 (5.3) | 113 (10.2) | 174 (7.5) |
| Others | 23 (3.5) | 23 (4.2) | 38 (3.4) | 84 (3.6) |
| Pupillary reactions* | ||||
| Both reacting | 387 (58.5) | 528 (96.5) | 1110 (100) | 2025 (87.3) |
| One reacting | 195 (29.5) | 19 (3.5) | 0 (0) | 214 (9.2) |
| None reacting | 80 (12.1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 80 (3.4) |
| Type of injury | ||||
| SDH* | 263 (39.7) | 154 (28.2) | 231 (20.8) | 648 (27.9) |
| EDH | 184 (27.8) | 152 (27.8) | 304 (27.4) | 640 (27.6) |
| IPH* | 526 (79.5) | 435 (79.5) | 610 (55.0) | 1571 (67.7) |
| tSAH* | 405 (61.2) | 311 (56.9) | 521 (46.9) | 1237 (53.3) |
| DAI* | 60 (9.1) | 11 (2.0) | 3 (0.3) | 74 (3.2) |
| Skull fracture* | 88 (13.3) | 110 (20.1) | 265 (23.9) | 463 (20.0) |
| INR* | 1.08 (1.02-1.16) | 1.05 (1.00–1.12) | 1.03 (0.99–1.08) | 1.05 (1.00–1.12) |
| INR > 1.25* | 76 (11.5) | 27 (4.9) | 31 (2.8) | 134 (5.8) |
| PT(s)* | 12.4 (11.8-13.4) | 12.0 (11.4–12.8) | 11.8 (11.2–12.3) | 12.0 (11.3–12.8) |
| PT > 14 s* | 100 (15.1) | 36 (6.6) | 51 (4.6) | 187 (8.1) |
| APTT(s)* | 26.1 (23.5–29.8) | 25.0 (22.0–28.8) | 24.7 (22.0–27.5) | 25.0 (22.4–28.5) |
| APTT > 36 s* | 64 (9.7) | 24 (4.4) | 43 (3.9) | 131 (5.6) |
| FIB(g/L)* | 2.1 (1.5–3.1) | 2.3 (1.8–3.1) | 2.5 (1.9–3.1) | 2.3 (1.8–3.1) |
| FIB < 1.5 g/L* | 174 (26.3) | 82 (15.0) | 98 (8.8) | 354 (15.3) |
| D-dimer (mg/L)* | 2.856 (0.840–7.080) | 2.101 (0.852–5.174) | 0.879 (0.300–2.451) | 1.552 (0.453–4.298) |
| D-dimer <1 mg/L* | 186 (28.1) | 154 (28.2) | 591 (53.2) | 931 (40.1) |
| D-dimer 1–5 mg/L | 238 (36.0) | 249 (45.5) | 388 (35.0) | 875 (37.7) |
| D-dimer >5 mg/L | 238 (36.0) | 144 (26.3) | 131 (11.8) | 513 (22.1) |
| PLT(×109/L)* | 158 (115–204) | 167 (129-210) | 178 (147–213) | 171 (134–210) |
| PLT < 100 × 109/L* | 115 (17.4) | 63 (11.5) | 69 (6.2) | 247 (10.7) |
| Coagulopathy* | 201 (30.4) | 105 (19.2) | 126 (11.4) | 432 (18.6) |
| Hb(g/L)* | 125 (108–141) | 134 (117-146) | 135 (123–147) | 133 (117–145) |
| HCT(%)* | 37.1(32.2-40.9) | 38.8 (34.5–42.1) | 39.5 (36.3–42.7) | 38.7 (34.6–42.1) |
| Glucose(mmol/L)* | 8.6 (7.3–10.4) | 7.7 (6.7–9.2) | 6.8 (6.0–8.0) | 7.5 (6.4–9.0) |
| ICP monitoring* | 447 (67.5) | 233 (42.6) | 80 (7.2) | 760 (32.8) |
| Craniectomy* | 365 (55.1) | 136 (24.9) | 39 (3.5) | 540 (23.3) |
| Mortality* | 131 (19.8) | 27 (4.9) | 16 (1.4) | 174 (7.5) |
| LOS* | 18 (11-28) | 15 (10-22) | 9 (6–14) | 13 (8–20) |
The univariate analyses of categorical data were performed with a chi-square test. Normally distributed variables were compared using ANOVA, whereas nonnormally distributed variables were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test
*P < 0.05