Table 2.
Multivariate linear regression models of the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) score among participants from the Cerebrovascular Disease and its Consequences in American Indians Study
| Balance score | Gait score | Chair Stand score | Total score | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | 95% CI | β | 95% CI | β | 95% CI | β | 95% CI | |
| Age (per 5 years) | −0.31 | (−0.38, −0.23) | −0.31 | (−0.37, −0.25) | −0.29 | (−0.36, −0.22) | −0.91 | (−1.07, −0.74) |
| Male gender | 0.12 | (−0.07, 0.31) | 0.42 | (0.26, 0.57) | 0.25 | (0.07, 0.42) | 0.78 | (0.37, 1.19) |
| Study site | ||||||||
| Northern Plains | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Southern Plains | 0.31 | (0.13, 0.50) | 0.01 | (−0.15, 0.16) | 0.09 | (−0.09, 0.26) | 0.41 | (0.00, 0.82) |
| Southwest | −0.15 | (−0.43, 0.14) | −0.13 | (−0.37, 0.11) | −0.06 | (−0.33, 0.21) | −0.33 | (−0.96, 0.29) |
| Married | 0.29 | (0.10, 0.48) | 0.25 | (0.10, 0.41) | 0.39 | (0.21, 0.57) | 0.93 | (0.52, 1.34) |
| Educational attainment | ||||||||
| Less than high school diploma | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| High school graduate | 0.45 | (0.19, 0.71) | 0.37 | (0.16, 0.58) | 0.36 | (0.12, 0.61) | 1.19 | (0.62, 1.75) |
| Some college or greater | 0.56 | (0.32, 0.79) | 0.58 | (0.39, 0.78) | 0.44 | (0.21, 0.66) | 1.58 | (1.05, 2.10) |
| Annual household income | ||||||||
| < $25,000 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| $25,000–50,000 | 0.31 | (0.11, 0.51) | 0.37 | (0.20, 0.53) | 0.38 | (0.19, 0.56) | 1.05 | (0.62, 1.48) |
| ≥ $50,000 | 0.43 | (0.12, 0.75) | 0.45 | (0.19, 0.71) | 0.69 | (0.40, 0.98) | 1.57 | (0.89, 2.25) |
| BMI | ||||||||
| ≤ 24.9 kg/m2 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| 25–29.9 kg/m2 | −0.12 | (−0.40, 0.15) | −0.11 | (−0.34, 0.12) | −0.04 | (−0.30, 0.23) | −0.27 | (−0.87, 0.34) |
| ≥ 30 kg/m2 | −0.11 | (−0.37, 0.15) | −0.03 | (−0.25, 0.18) | −0.10 | (−0.35, 0.14) | −0.24 | (−0.81, 0.32) |
| Waist-hip ratio (per 0.1) | −0.27 | (−0.41, −0.13) | −0.20 | (−0.32, −0.08) | −0.24 | (−0.38, −0.11) | −0.71 | (−1.02, −0.41) |
| 3MS score (per 10 points) | 0.42 | (0.33, 0.51) | 0.38 | (0.30, 0.45) | 0.28 | (0.19, 0.36) | 1.08 | (0.88, 1.27) |
| CES-D score (per 8 points) | −0.20 | (−0.28, −0.11) | −0.17 | (−0.24, −0.10) | −0.22 | (−0.30, −0.14) | −0.59 | (−0.77, −0.40) |
| Depression (CES-D ≥ 16) | −0.42 | (−0.63, −0.21) | −0.32 | (−0.50, −0.15) | −0.50 | (−0.69, −0.30) | −1.24 | (−1.70, −0.79) |
| Grip strength (per 6 kg) | 0.30 | (0.23, 0.38) | 0.26 | (0.20, 0.33) | 0.25 | (0.18, 0.32) | 0.82 | (0.66, 0.97) |
| Hypertension | −0.38 | (−0.60, −0.16) | −0.27 | (−0.45, −0.08) | −0.24 | (−0.45, −0.03) | −0.89 | (−1.37, −0.40) |
| Diabetes mellitus | −0.60 | (−0.77, −0.42) | −0.40 | (−0.54, −0.26) | −0.54 | (−0.70, −0.38) | −1.54 | (−1.91, −1.16) |
| Heart disease | −0.38 | (−0.57, −0.19) | −0.25 | (−0.41, −0.09) | −0.40 | (−0.58, −0.23) | −1.03 | (−1.45, −0.62) |
| Self-reported prior stroke | −0.62 | (−0.94, −0.31) | −0.33 | (−0.59, −0.07) | −0.36 | (−0.65, −0.07) | −1.32 | (−2.00, −0.63) |
| Current smoker | −0.14 | (−0.36, 0.07) | 0.13 | (−0.05, 0.31) | −0.06 | (−0.26, 0.15) | −0.08 | (−0.56, 0.40) |
| Alcohol consumption in last 30 days | 0.03 | (−0.23, 0.29) | 0.24 | (0.02, 0.45) | 0.15 | (−0.10, 0.40) | 0.41 | (−0.16, 0.99) |
| Use OTC pain medications | −0.06 | (−0.25, 0.12) | 0.00 | (−0.16, 0.15) | −0.08 | (−0.25, 0.09) | −0.15 | (−0.55, 0.26) |
Each line represents a separate model. All models adjusted for age category, gender, and study site. β = beta coefficient; 95% CI 95% confidence interval, BMI Body mass index; 3MSE Modified Mini-Mental State Examination, CES-D Centers for Epidemiological Studies depression scale, OTC Over the counter