Figure 3.

Kindlin-1 is required for protrusion polarization in electrotaxis. (a–d) Representative time-lapse images showing pseudopod formation and localization over 1 hour in EF (200 mV/mm) stimulation of (a) NHK, (b) KS, (c) KS_WT, and (d) KS_MT cells (see Supplementary Video S3). The EF vector is horizontal, with cathode to the left. The arrowheads indicate pseudopods. (e) Cumulative number of pseudopods of cells in a–d over EF stimulation. Upper rectangle indicates the number of cathode-directed pseudopods; lower rectangle indicates anode-directed pseudopods. (f) The ratio of cathodal pseudopods against all protrusions was analyzed. Results are presented as means ± standard error of the mean, n ≥ 3 experiments. ^∗P < 0.05. Scale bar = 50 μm. min, minutes; KS, Kindler syndrome; KS_MT, kindlin-1–mCherryW612A point mutation; KS_WT, Kindler syndrome cells infected with wild-type kindlin-1–mCherry; NHK, normal human keratinocyte.