Table 3.
Production [mg/100 g DW ± SD] of dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans in agitated microshoot cultures of S. chinensis elicited with chitosan − Ch. Control − microshoots without chitosan treatment, S - control microshoots without chitosan treatment, supplemented with neutralized hydrochloric acid solution (used as chitosan solvent). n = 3
| Lignans | Control | Elicitation scheme [day added/chitosan ± Ch concentration (mg/l)] | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0/S | 0/25 | 0/50 | 0/100 | 0/200 | 10/S | 10/25 | 10/50 | 10/100 | 10/200 | 20/S | 20/25 | 20/50 | 20/100 | 20/200 | ||
| Schisandrin | 80.5 ± 8.0 | 97.4 ± 10.2 | 103.7 ± 11.7 | 116.5 ± 13.0 | 103.7 ± 3.2 | 103.3 ± 10.9 | 99.7 ± 6.4 | 99.2 ± 8.8 | 102.1 ± 8.7 | 114.9 ± 4.6 | 115.6 ± 13.6 | 95.2 ± 11.3 | 93.1 ± 16.7 | 94.7 ± 9.8 | 105.6 ± 3.8 | 92.0 ± 3.7 |
| Gomisin A | 52.8 ± 7.5 | 43.6 ± 6.6 | 36.0 ± 11.5 | 51.3 ± 5.3 | 36.9 ± 4.5 | 46.3 ± 2.2 | 44.7 ± 8.4 | 30.9 ± 12.1 | 30.3 ± 5.2 | 44.0 ± 4.8 | 52.5 ± 15.6 | 46.4 ± 9.9 | 24.1 ± 7.0 | 28.6 ± 2.7 | 43.6 ± 14.3 | 32.2 ± 5.1 |
| Gomisin G | 3.9 ± 0.7 | 7.3 ± 0.7 | 10.0 ± 1.3 | 10.5 ± 3.3 | 9.6 ± 0.7 | 8.6 ± 0.4 | 6.7 ± 2.4 | 9.0 ± 1.4 | 9.9 ± 1.1 | 10.7 ± 0.6 | 8.7 ± 1.0 | 6.0 ± 1.4 | 8.4 ± 2.5 | 7.7 ± 0.6 | 5.8 ± 1.7 | 5.7 ± 1.1 |
| Schisantherin A | 1.8 ± 0.2 | 3.7 ± 0.2 | 3.6 ± 0.4 | 4.3 ± 0.5 | 3.3 ± 0.2 | 2.9 ± 0.2 | 3.8 ± 1.0 | 3.8 ± 0.4 | 3.8 ± 0.4 | 4.4 ± 0.1 | 5.1 ± 0.4 | 3.5 ± 0.7 | 3.7 ± 0.6 | 3.7 ± 0.4 | 4.1 ± 0.3 | 4.1 ± 0.4 |
| Schisantherin B | 10.8 ± 0.2 | 18.6 ± 2.3 | 17.0 ± 4.4 | 15.7 ± 2.1 | 18.0 ± 2.4 | 16.2 ± 1.4 | 18.0 ± 2.0 | 16.3 ± 4.1 | 17.6 ± 2.2 | 18.2 ± 1.5 | 27.9 ± 1.7 | 19.0 ± 2.6 | 15.5 ± 5.0 | 14.6 ± 4.2 | 15.8 ± 2.9 | 17.4 ± 2.2 |
| Schisanthenol | 2.5 ± 0.2 | 4.4 ± 0.3 | 5.9 ± 0.5 | 6.1 ± 0.6 | 5.3 ± 0.3 | 4.6 ± 0.1 | 3.8 ± 0.9 | 4.1 ± 0.9 | 4.3 ± 0.1 | 5.0 ± 0.4 | 4.7 ± 0.8 | 4.5 ± 1.0 | 4.8 ± 0.5 | 4.1 ± 0.7 | 4.2 ± 0.4 | 4.0 ± 0.1 |
| Deoxyschisandrin | 34.6 ± 3.1 | 29.2 ± 3.7 | 32.4 ± 5.5 | 37.1 ± 4.9 | 29.9 ± 2.0 | 30.3 ± 1.2 | 29.8 ± 2.2 | 30.9 ± 5.6 | 28.1 ± 1.3 | 31.9 ± 2.4 | 34.3 ± 7.4 | 27.3 ± 2.7 | 21.6 ± 6.5 | 15.7 ± 5.8 | 33.0 ± 5.3 | 21.6 ± 1.3 |
| γ-Schisandrin | 4.7 ± 0.6 | 6.0 ± 1.0 | 6.2 ± 0.7 | 8.6 ± 0.9 | 5.6 ± 1.0 | 6.4 ± 0.3 | 5.2 ± 0.6 | 6.3 ± 0.9 | 6.1 ± 0.4 | 6.5 ± 0.3 | 6.6 ± 1.0 | 7.1 ± 1.0 | 4.9 ± 1.0 | 5.2 ± 0.7 | 6.2 ± 0.8 | 4.9 ± 0.4 |
| Schisandrin C | 5.8 ± 3.2 | 1.0 ± 0.3 | 1.9 ± 0.3 | 4.0 ± 1.6 | 1.8 ± 0.7 | 2.3 ± 0.5 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 1.5 ± 0.2 | 3.3 ± 1.6 | 3.8 ± 1.2 | 0.8 ± 0.4 | 0.5 ± 0.8 | 0.8 ± 0.9 | 1.5 ± 0.7 | 0.4 ± 0.2 |
| Angeoyl/tigloyl-gomisin H | 36.4 ± 3.6 | 49.8 ± 2.4 | 53.1 ± 6.8 | 61.0 ± 13.4 | 47.1 ± 4.1 | 51.8 ± 6.7 | 48.1 ± 2.4 | 49.7 ± 6.3 | 49.1 ± 3.2 | 57.3 ± 2.6 | 61.7 ± 8.3 | 59.4 ± 5.3 | 43.3 ± 8.3 | 45.8 ± 5.3 | 51.8 ± 7.8 | 46.3 ± 3.2 |
| Angeoyl/tigloyl-gomisin Q | 76.8 ± 8.1 | 71.5 ± 5.2 | 102.7 ± 9.8 | 113.2 ± 4.1 | 103.4 ± 12.4 | 102.2 ± 3.1 | 70.8 ± 7.9 | 93.2 ± 9.5 | 92.2 ± 4.6 | 107.8 ± 5.2 | 112.9 ± 11.2 | 68.3 ± 7.0 | 87.4 ± 6.5 | 91.0 ± 10.2 | 96.9 ± 8.1 | 87.2 ± 4.6 |
| Schisandrin B | 20.7 ± 3.3 | 25.1 ± 2.4 | 24.8 ± 2.3 | 33.0 ± 3.7 | 23.9 ± 0.4 | 25.6 ± 0.5 | 16.5 ± 4.3 | 24.6 ± 2.4 | 24.6 ± 0.6 | 14.5 ± 0.2 | 25.7 ± 3.0 | 30.1 ± 4.1 | 23.1 ± 2.8 | 22.0 ± 2.0 | 25.1 ± 2.7 | 20.9 ± 0.6 |
| Benzoylgomisin P | 25.9 ± 3.8 | 32.3 ± 2.3 | 31.5 ± 3.1 | 34.5 ± 2.0 | 32.1 ± 3.1 | 31.1 ± 2.9 | 38.3 ± 5.2 | 30.9 ± 2.6 | 30.9 ± 0.6 | 34.1 ± 2.3 | 30.3 ± 3.5 | 32.5 ± 3.9 | 27.3 ± 4.6 | 26.8 ± 2.7 | 30.7 ± 3.9 | 24.8 ± 0.6 |
| Schisantherin D | 8.9 ± 2.5 | 9.5 ± 1.2 | 10.4 ± 1.0 | 12.4 ± 0.7 | 10.7 ± 0.3 | 11.1 ± 0.4 | 9.3 ± 1.4 | 10.5 ± 0.5 | 10.4 ± 0.4 | 10.9 ± 0.6 | 12.0 ± 0.9 | 9.4 ± 1.0 | 10.1 ± 0.7 | 10.2 ± 0.4 | 11.0 ± 1.1 | 9.7 ± 0.4 |
| Total content | 366.2 ± 45.1 | 399.1 ± 38.6* | 439.1 ± 59.5* | 508.1 ± 55.9* | 431.2 ± 35.2* | 442.6 ± 31.9* | 395.9 ± 45.0* | 410.8 ± 55.9* | 410.7 ± 28.9* | 463.6 ± 27.2* | 501.9 ± 69.5* | 409.5 ± 52.0* | 367.8 ± 63.5 | 370.8 ± 46.2 | 435.1 ± 53.7* | 371.2 ± 23.9 |
*p < 0.05 vs control