Table 1.

Characteristics of the study patients in two groups defined by invasive LV filling pressure

Variable	Normal invasive LV filling pressure (≤12 mm Hg)	Elevated invasive LV filling pressure (>12 mm Hg)	P
Number of patients	50	40
Sex
Male	24	17	.75
Female	26	23	.78
Body surface area (m2)	1.91 ± 0.39	1.96 ± 0.23	.50
Medical history
HTN	37	37	.48
Diabetes	23	29	.19
CAD	17	19	.40
COPD	7	5	.86
CKD (stage ≥3) or ESRD	10	21	.03
AS, at least moderate	0	8	.003
AI, at least moderate	0	0	–
Medications before catheterization*
Diuretic†	20	27	.15
BB	33	29	.78
ACE inhibitor	20	19	.65
ARB	7	11	.20
Spironolactone	0	3	.06
Hydralazine	3	3	.79
Nitrate‡	13	3	.053
Digoxin	0	3	.06
Echocardiographic parameters
Reduced LVEF (<50%)	15	19	.26
Normal LVEF (≥50%)	35	21	.41
E/A ratio	1.02 ± 0.34	1.43 ± 0.77	.005
E/e′ ratio	11.1 ± 5.1	17.5 ± 8.1	.001
LAVi (ml/m2)	33.2 ± 16.6	40.4 ± 14.7	.05
Catheterization
Inpatient	33	24	.78
Outpatient	17	16	.69
Urgent	7	0	.02
Coronary stent placed	30	8	.01
SBP at time of echocardiography (mm Hg)	128 ± 20	132 ± 17
SBP at time of catheterization (mm Hg)	133 ± 27	142 ± 25
P values (paired t test)	.38	.11
HR at time of echocardiography (beats/min)	72 ± 10	72 ± 15
HR at time of catheterization (beats/min)	76 ± 13	80 ± 13
P values (paired t test)	.21	.08

ACE, Angiotensin-converting enzyme; AI, aortic insufficiency; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; AS, aortic stenosis; BB, b-blocker; CAD, coronary artery disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ESRD, end-stage renal disease; HR, heart rate; HTN, hypertension; SBP, systolic blood pressure.

Data are expressed as numbers or as mean ± SD. See text for details.

^*Patients received these medications either prior to or during admission at some point before catheterization.

^†Diuretics include furosemide and hydrochlorothiazide.

^‡Excludes short-acting sublingual nitroglycerin.