Table 5.

Pharmacokinetic information on remifentanil in children [150, 152, 153, 171, 172, 192, 193].

n	Age	Weight (kg)	Dose (μg/kg)	Route	Cmax (ng/mL)	CL (mL/min/kg)	t1/2 (min)	V(ss) (mL/kg)	Comp	No of samples	Lab method	Remarks	Ref.
8	5.1 ± 2.9 weeks	3.7 ± 0.7	5	IV, 1 min	24.2 ± 10.2*	90.5 ± 36.8*	5.4 ± 1.8	452.7 ± 144.8*	non	10/1h	GC-MS [192]	Age < 2 months	[150]
6	7.6 ± 4.3 months	8.7 ± 2.6	5	IV, 1 min	25.4 ± 3.7*	92.1 ± 25.8*	3.4 ± 1.2	307.9 ± 89.2	non	10/1h	GC-MS [192]	Age 2 months to 2 years	[150]
7	4.6 ± 1.8 years	16.5 ± 4.7	5	IV, 1 min	34.8 ± 8.2	76.1 ± 22.4	3.6 ± 1.8	240.1 ± 130.5	non	13/4h	GC-MS [192, 193]	Age 2 to 7 years; Metabolite GR90291 (n=7): Cmax 5.8 ± 1.1 ng/mL, t1/2 81.0 ± 44.6 min	[150]
6	9.7 ± 2.3 years	36.3 ± 9.7	5	IV, 1 min	42.5 ± 13.7	59.7 ± 22.5	5.3 ± 1.4	248.9 ± 91.4	non	13/4h	GC-MS [192, 193]	Age 7 to 13 years; Metabolite GR90291 (n=7): Cmax 6.9 ± 2.1 ng/mL, t1/2 64.2 ± 25.7 min	[150]
4	14.0 ± 1.2 years	58.6 ± 25.7	5	IV, 1 min	35.0 ± 10.2	57.2 ± 21.1	3.7 ± 1.1	223.2 ± 30.6	non	13/4h	GC-MS [192, 193]	Age 13 to 16 years; Metabolite GR90291 (n=3): Cmax 6.5 ± 1.0 ng/mL, t1/2 55.5 ± 26.9 min	[150]
3	16.3 ± 0.6 years	60.6 ± 6.9	5	IV, 1 min	42.7 ± 12.9	46.5 ± 2.1	5.7 ± 0.7	242.5 ± 109.2	non	13/4h	GC-MS [192, 193]	Age 16 to 18 years; Metabolite GR90291 (n=3): Cmax 10.7 ± 6.6 ng/mL, t1/2 103.2 ± 75.4 min	[150]
12	6.3 ± 4.6 years	27.0 ± 20	5	IV, 1 min		38.7 ± 9.6	8.2 ± 3	234.5 ± 105.5	2	9/0.75h	HPLC	Pre-CPB	[171]
12	6.3 ± 4.6 years	27.0 ± 20	5	IV, 1 min		46.8 ± 14*	6.9 ± 2.6	235.3 ± 110.2	2	9/0.75h	HPLC	Post-CPB (same cohort)	[171]
26	1.77a) (0.08–9.25) years	10.5a) (3.1–39.8)	max. 48/h	IV, 194a) (19–1236) min		68.3			2	> 8	HPLC	Pop-PK (post-CPB n=21)	[152]
9	2.19 (0.5–4.0) years	11.4 (6.4–14.7)	15.8 ± 12.3/h;(entire study: 65.0 ± 32.6 μg/kg)	IV, cont.(entire study: 218 ± 77.9 min)	13.8 ± 7.80	21.4	4.02	124	1	3a) (1–9)	GC-MS [171]	Pop-PK, pre-CPB;	[172]
9	2.19 (0.5–4.0) years	11.4 (6.4–14.7)	20.3 ± 7.2/h	IV, cont.	12.7 ± 6.39	21.4	9.65	298	1	3a) (1–5)	GC-MS [171]	Pop-PK, during CPB (same cohort)	[172]
9	2.19 (0.5–4.0) years	11.4 (6.4–14.7)	19.3 ± 10.5/h	IV, cont.	11.7 ± 7.03	21.4	9.65	298	1	7a) (3–8)	GC-MS [171]	Pop-PK, post-CPB (same cohort)	[172]
7	0.74 (0.3–1.0) years	7.59 (6.6–9.6)		IV, cont.		2.99 L/min/70 kg		16.23 L/70 kg	2	Total: 77	GC-MS [192]	Pop-PK; final model parameter estimates	[153]

^a)median data (range)

Reported statistical significance is indicated as follows:

^*p < 0.05,

^**p < 0.005,

^***p < 0.001.