Table 2.

Xylem ice nucleation temperatures (°C) and relative water content of angiosperms and gymnosperms

	Ice nucleation temperature			Relative water content
	Fresh status in winter***	Saturated status in winter*	Fresh status in spring***	Fresh status in winter***	Fresh status in spring***
Angiosperms	−5.4 ± 0.4	−4.7 ± 0.3	−5.1 ± 0.6	0.92 ± 0.02	0.93 ± 0.03
Gymnosperms	−7.4 ± 0.6	−4.2 ± 0.4	−6.9 ± 0.6	0.80 ± 0.03	0.84 ± 0.03

Results are shown as averages ± 95% confidence intervals, and stars indicate significant differences (***<.001; **<.01; *<.05).