Table 1.
Characteristics of the selected studies.
| Study | N (Exp/Ctr) | Mean age | Time poststroke | Lesion site | Trial design | rTMS protocol | Outcome measurement | Follow-up | Combined training/practice | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Motor function | Neurophysiology | |||||||||
| Takeuchi et al. [19] | 10/10 | 59 Y | 6–60 m | Subcortical | P | 1.0 Hz, 90% rMT, 1500 pulses × 1 days | Pinch force | rMT, MEP | Motor training | |
| Fregni et al. [26] | 10/5 | 56 Y | 6–120 m | (13/15) Subcortical | P | 1.0 Hz, 100% rMT, 1500 pulses × 5 days | PPT, JTT | rMT | ||
| Liepert et al. [24] | 12/12 | 63 Y | <2 wks | Subcortical | C | 1.0 Hz, 90% rMT, 1200 pulses × 1 days | NHPT, grip force | |||
| Takeuchi et al. [18] | 10/10 | 62.3 Y | 7–121 m | Subcortical | P | 1.0 Hz, 90% rMT, 1500 pulses × 1 days | Pinch force | rMT, MEP | Motor training | |
| Dafotakis et al. [20] | 12/12 | 45.5 Y | 1–4 m | Subcortical | C | 1.0 Hz, 100% rMT, 600 pulses × 1 days | Pinch force | |||
| Nowak et al. [27] | 15/15 | 46 Y | 1–4 m | Subcortical | C | 1.0 Hz, 100% rMT, 600 pulses × 1 days | Finger tapping, | |||
| Khedr et al. [10] | 12/12 | 57.9 Y | 1-2 wks | Nonspecified | P | 1.0 Hz, 100% rMT, 900 pulses × 5 days | Finger tapping, grip force | MEP | 3 m | Passive movement |
| Emara et al. [8] | 20/20 | 54 Y | 2–13.5 m | Nonspecified | P | 1.0 Hz, 110%–120% rMT, 1500 pulses × 10 days | Finger tapping | 3 m | Physical therapy | |
| Theilig et al. [15] | 12/12 | 61 Y | 2 wks–58 m | Nonspecified | P | 1.0 Hz, 100% rMT, 900 pulses × 10 days | WMFT | MEP | Extensor activity | |
| Takeuchi et al. [17] | 9/9 | 61.5 Y | 62–71.9 m | Subcortical | P | 1.0 Hz, 90% rMT, 1200 pulses × 1 days | Pinch force | MEP | Motor training | |
| Conforto et al. [21] | 15/15 | 55.8 Y | 5–45 days | Nonspecified | P | 1.0 Hz, 90% rMT, 1500 pulses × 10 days | Pinch force, JTT | 1 m | Rehabilitation treatment | |
| Seniow et al. [30] | 20/20 | 63.4 Y | 12–129 days | Nonspecified | P | 1.0 Hz, 90% rMT, 1800 pulses × 15 days | FMA | 3 m | Motor training | |
| Sasaki et al. [9] | 11/9 | 65 Y | 6–29 days | Nonspecified | P | 1.0 Hz, 90% rMT, 1800 pulses × 5 days | Finger tapping, grip force | Motor training | ||
| Higgins et al. [22] | 6/5 | 66.2 Y | 18–315 m | Not reported | P | 1.0 Hz, 110% rMT, 1.200 pulses × 8 days | Pinch force | 1 m | Task-oriented training | |
| Sung et al. [28] | 15/12 | 63.2 Y | 3–12 m | Nonspecified | P | 1.0 Hz, 90% rMT, 600 pulses × 10 days | Finger tapping, WMFT | rMT, MEP | Occupational therapy | |
| Wang et al. [32] | 17/15 | 62.6 Y | 2–6 m | Nonspecified | P | 1.0 Hz, 90% rMT, 600 pulses × 10 days | WMFT | rMT, MEP | Task-oriented training | |
| Rose et al. [23] | 11/10 | 64.6 Y | 7–150 m | Not reported | P | 1.0 Hz, 100% rMT, 1200 pulses × 16 days | Grip force, FMA | rMT, MEP | 1 m | Functional task practice |
| Galvão et al. [31] | 10/10 | 61 Y | >6 m | Not reported | P | 1.0 Hz, 90% rMT, 1500 pulses × 10 days | FMA | 1 m | Physical therapy | |
| Ludemann-Podubecka et al. [29] | 20/20 | 67 Y | 0.25–4 m | Nonspecified | P | 1.0 Hz, 100% rMT, 900 pulses × 15 days | Finger tapping, WMFT | MEP | 6 m | Task-oriented training |
| Zheng et al. [33] | 55/53 | 66 Y | <1 m | Nonspecified | P | 1.0 Hz, 90% rMT, 1800 pulses × 24 days | FMA, WMFT | Occupational therapy | ||
| Matsuura et al. [25] | 10/10 | 73. Y | <1 m | Subcortical | P | 1.0 Hz, 100% rMT, 1200 pulses × 5 days | Grip force, FMA | |||
| Du et al. [34] | 23/23 | 3 days–1 m | Nonspecified | P | 1.0 Hz, 110–120% rMT, 1200 pulses × 20 days | FMA | 6 m | Motor exercises | ||
Ctr: control group; Exp: experimental group; P: parallel sham control; C: crossover sham control; FMA: Fugl-Meyer assessment; ARAT: action research arm test; JTT: Jebsen-Taylor test; m: month; MEP: motor-evoked potential; NHPT: nine-hole peg test; PPT: purdue pegboard test; rMT: resting motor threshold; wk: week; Y: years; WMFT: Wolf motor function test.