ROC curves for each tumor marker in PE, serum, the PE/serum ratio and the ∆(PE–serum) value in the combined population. AUC: CEA (PE), 0.890; CEA (Serum), 0.806; CEA (PE/serum ratio), 0.862; CEA [∆(PE–serum)], 0.849; CA 125 (PE), 0.653; CA 125 (Serum), 0.544; CA 125 (PE/serum ratio), 0.696; CA 125 [∆(PE–serum)], 0.661; CA 15-3 (PE), 0.813; CA 15-3 (Serum), 0.731; CA 15-3 (PE/serum ratio), 0.738; CA 15-3 [∆(PE–serum)], 0.698; CA 19-9 (PE), 0.721; CA 19-9 (Serum), 0.646; CA 19-9 (PE/serum ratio), 0.771; CA 19-9 [∆(PE–serum)], 0.758. ROC, receiver operating characteristic; PE, pleural effusion; AUC, area under curve; CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen.