. 2018 Jan 1;21(1):44–54. doi: 10.1089/jpm.2017.0063

Appendix Table 2.

Unadjusted Bivariate Relationships between Subjects' Social, Functional, Medical, and Regional Characteristics and Total Medicare Costs over One Year, Stratified by Probability of Death at One Year

	Full cohort n = 5208	Low probability of death (<10%) n = 3072	Middle probability of death (10–25%) n = 1371	High probability of death (>25%) n = 765
	Rate ratios^a
Demographics, social, and insurance
Age	0.99^*	0.98^*	0.97^*	0.97^*
Female	0.88^*	0.93	0.99	0.80^*
African American race	1.31^*	1.12	1.39^*	1.78^*
Hispanic ethnicity	1.20^*	1.31^*	1.13	1.37
High school degree	0.85^*	0.85^*	0.95	0.85
Net asset value, lowest quartile	1.21^*	1.18^*	1.11	1.15
Religion, very important	0.99	0.99	1.05	1.16
Relatives nearby	0.97	0.92	0.99	0.97
Married	0.94	0.98	0.94	1.32^*
Nursing home resident	1.14^*	0.87	0.96	0.73^*
Medicaid	1.34^*	1.36^*	1.18	1.27^*
Veterans health administration	0.96	1.01	1.01	0.91
Medigap insurance	0.89^*	0.85^*	0.90	0.99
Health characteristics
Dementia	0.84^*	0.71^*	0.84^*	0.78^*
Metastatic cancer	1.29^*	0.73	1.00	1.25^*
End-stage renal disease	1.79^*	1.71^*	1.73^*	1.80^*
Advanced heart failure^*	1.53^*	1.31	1.29^*	1.23
Advanced COPD^*	1.32^*	1.22^*	1.24^*	1.25
Diabetes with end-organ complications	1.29^*	1.39^*	1.58^*	1.44^*
Advanced liver disease/cirrhosis	0.84	0.74^*	1.13	1.35
Hip fracture	1.11	0.94	1.44	0.78
Self-rated health: poor/fair	1.68^*	1.52^*	1.32^*	1.35
ADL impairment, stable	1.15^*	1.15	1.08	0.91
ADL impairment, decline	1.17^*	1.11	1.01	0.92
Informal caregiving, 60+ hours/month	1.37^*	1.43^*	1.04	1.18
Three or more comorbidities	1.83^*	1.57^*	1.75^*	1.75^*
Region
Midwest	0.98	0.98	0.90	0.92
South	1.10	1.14	1.17	0.92
West	0.83^*	0.89	0.74^*	0.73
Resides in region with middle 50% end-of-life spending	1.18^*	1.03	1.34^*	1.27
Resides in region with top 25% end-of-life spending	1.29^*	1.08	1.44^*	1.66^*

^{^a}

Rate ratios represent exponentiated coefficients from bivariate generalized linear models with log link and gamma family independently run for each variable in the full sample and within each stratum of death probability. Advanced heart failure = CHF diagnosis in claims, including primary diagnosis for at least one inpatient admission. Advanced chronic obstructive lung disease = COPD diagnosis in claims, including home oxygen use and/or primary diagnosis for at least one inpatient admission.

^{^*}

p ≤ 0.05.

ADL, activities of daily living.