Table 1.

Summary of applications of QuEChERS for the analysis of xenobiotics in animal products.

Matrix	Analytes	QuEChERS method	Analytical method	Ref.
Goat's milk and sheep muscle	Monepantel and its sulfone metabolite	Milk (10 g) was extracted with MeCN (12 mL) in the presence of MgSO4 and NaCl, followed by d-SPE using MgSO4 and C18. Homogenized meat (10 g) was extracted with MeCN (10 mL); MgSO4 and NaCl were added, and the supernatant was cleaned up with MgSO4 and C18. Extracts were concentrated before analysis.	UPLC-MS/MS	[11]
Beef muscle	Cephalosporins	Homogenized beef (4 g) was extracted with 15 mL of MeCN/water (80 : 20); d-SPE was performed using C18, PSA and MgSO4. The sample was dried and reconstituted before analysis.	LC-MS/MS	[3]
Meat and bovine fat	Chlorfenvinphos, fipronil, and cypermethrin	For the meat, 2 g of homogenized sample was extracted in 4 mL of MeCN in the presence of MgSO4 and NaCl, followed by d-SPE with C18, PSA, and MgSO4. For the fat, 1 g of homogenized sample was extracted in 5 mL of hexane + 10 mL of water + 10 mL of MeCN in the presence of MgSO4 and NaCl, followed by d-SPE with PSA and MgSO4.	GC-MS	[12]
Bacon	Nitrites	Comminuted cooked bacon (5 g) was extracted with 10 mL of MeCN/water (1 : 1) in the presence of HCO2NH4, followed by d-SPE using MgSO4, PSA, C18, and Z-Sep sorbents. Coextracted lipids were removed by hexane partitioning.	GC-MS/MS	[13]
Meat products	Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)	Melted fat sample (1 g) was extracted with 7 mL of acetone. The supernatant was dried and collected using 2 mL of acetonitrile in the presence of PSA and MgSO4. The sample was dried and collected using isooctane before injection.	GC-MS	[14]
Sheep meat	Chlorinated hydrocarbon and synthetic pyrethroids	Homogenized meat (10 g) was extracted with 20 mL of MeCN in the presence of MgSO4 and NaCl, followed by d-SPE using PSA and MgSO4. Samples were dried and redissolved before analysis.	GC-ECD	[15]
Pork	Ractopamine	Ground pork sample (5 g) was extracted with 10 mL of 0.1% AcOH in MeCN, followed by cleanup using MgSO4, NaCl, C18, and PSA. Samples were dried and redissolved before analysis.	LC-MS	[16]
Pork	Methenamine	Homogenized sample (2 g) was extracted with 10 mL of MeCN in the presence of Na2SO4, followed by extraction with MeCN-saturated hexane. The MeCN was cleaned up with PSA.	LC-MS/MS	[17]
Chicken	Amantadine and rimantadine	Homogenized chicken meat (3 g) was extracted with 10 mL of 1% AcOH in MeCN in the presence of NaCl and MgSO4, followed by d-SPE using C18. The sample was dried and redissolved before analysis.	UHPLC-LTQ Orbitrap MS	[18]
Chicken	Antiviral drugs and relevant metabolites	Homogenized chicken meat (2 g) was extracted with 9 mL of 1% AcOH in MeCN + 1 mL of water. The supernatant was split into two portions for the analysis of different compounds and dried. One portion was redissolved in MeOH/water and the other in water. The extracts were cleaned up using PSA.	UPLC-MS/MS	[19]
Chicken	Veterinary drugs	Homogenized chicken meat (5 g) was extracted with 10 mL of 1% AcOH in MeCN: water (80 : 20) in the presence of Na2HCit·1.5H2O, Na3Cit·2H2O, and MgSO4, followed by d-SPE using PSA.	UHPLC-MS/MS	[20]
Chicken	Sulfonamides	Homogenized chicken meat (10 g) was extracted with 15 mL of 1% AcOH in MeCN in the presence of NaOAc and MgSO4, followed by d-SPE using PSA and MgSO4. The sample was concentrated before analysis	HPLC-DAD	[4]
Milk and honey	Chloramphenicol, thiamphenicol, and florfenicol	Sample (2 g) was extracted with 15 mL of 0.1% AcOH in MeCN in the presence of Na2SO4 and NaCl, followed by d-SPE using Na2SO4, C18, and QuE Z-Sep+. Samples were dried and reconstituted before analysis.	LC-MS/MS	[21]
Milk	Anabolic steroids and agonists	Milk (5 g) was extracted with 10 mL of 5% AcOH in MeCN in the presence of ZnO nanoparticles, followed by d-SPE using PSA. Samples were dried and redissolved before analysis.	UHPLC-MS/MS	[22]
Yogurt and milk	Herbicides (triazines and phenylureas)	Sample (5 mL) was adjusted to pH 7 and extracted with 8 mL EtOAc/hexane (1 : 1) in the presence of NaCl, followed by d-SPE using PSA. The extract was dried and redissolved before analysis.	HPLC-DAD	[23]
Milk	Pesticides	Milk (15 g) was extracted with 15 mL of 0.1% AcOH in MeCN in the presence of NaOAc and MgSO4, followed by d-SPE using MgSO4, PSA and C18.	GC-ECD and GC-MS	[24]
Milk	Pesticides	Milk (20 mL) was extracted with 16 mL MeCN in the presence of NaCl and MgSO4. The extract was dried and reconstituted, followed by d-SPE using PSA, Z-Sep, and Z-Sep Plus. The supernatant was dried and redissolved before analysis.	HPLC-DAD	[25]
Raw milk (cow, goat, and buffalo milk)	Steroid hormones	Milk (10 g) was extracted with 10 mL MeCN in the presence of NaCl, Na2HCit, Na2HCit·1.5H2O, and MgSO4, followed by d-SPE using MgSO4, PSA, and acidic alumina.	UPLC-QTOF-MS	[26]
Milk	Sulfonamides	Milk (10 g) was extracted with 10 mL of 1% AcOH in MeCN + 10 mL 0.1 M EDTA in the presence of NaOAc and MgSO4.	LC/MS/MS	[27]
Eggs	Aflatoxins B1, G1, B2, G2, zearalenone, and its metabolites	Homogenized eggs (2 g)  + 2 mL water was extracted with 10 mL of 1% AcOH in MeCN in the presence of MgSO4 and NaCl, followed by d-SPE using MgSO4 and C18. The extract was dried and redissolved before analysis.	UPLC-MS/MS	[28]
Eggs	Melamine and cyromazine	Homogenized egg yolk (0.5 g) was extracted with 1 mL MeCN + 1 mL MeOH in the presence of QuEChERS sorbent for fatty samples. The extract was dried and redissolved before analysis.	HPLC-DAD	[29]
Eggs	Melamine and cyromazine	Homogenized egg sample (1 g) was extracted with 5 mL MeCN + 0.1 M HCl (99.5 : 0.5), followed by d-SPE using MgSO4 and GCB. The extract was dried and redissolved before analysis.	LC-MS/MS	[30]
Eggs	Mycotoxins	Homogenized egg (2 g) was extracted with 10 mL of MeOH/water (80 : 20) with 1% AcOH, Na2SO4, and NaOAc, without d-SPE.	UHPLC-MS/MS	[31]
Eggs and egg products	Pesticides	Homogenized egg (5 g) was extracted with 1% AcOH in MeCN (15 mL) in the presence of MgSO4 and NaOAc, followed by d-SPE with MgSO4, C18, PSA, and GCB. The extract was dried and redissolved before analysis.	LC-MS/MS	[32]
		In the case of egg yolk, 2.5 g of homogenized sample + 2.5 mL of deionized water were mixed prior to extraction, performed as above. Powdered egg white was diluted to 12.3% w/v with deionized water, and a 5 g sample was extracted as above.
Eggs, chicken, and pork	Phorate and its metabolites	Homogenized sample (5 g) was extracted with 15 mL of 1% AcOH in MeCN in the presence of MgSO4 and NaOAc; the supernatant was reextracted with 1% AcOH in MeCN, cleaned up with MgSO4, PSA, and C18. The extract was dried and redissolved before analysis.	UHPLC-MS/MS	[33]
Fish (tilapia and salmon)	Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls	Homogenized fish (5 g) was extracted with 10 mL of Milli-Q water + 10 mL of MeCN in the presence of MgSO4, NaCl, Na2HCit·1.5H2O, and Na3Cit·2H2O. The supernatant was frozen and partitioned in CaCl2, followed by a second cleanup with MgSO4 and PSA.	GC-MS	[34]
Fish	Organochlorine pesticides	Homogenized fish (5 g) was extracted with MeCN (10 mL) in the presence of MgSO4 and NaCl, followed by d-SPE using PSA. Then, water and 1-undecanol were added, and the sample was cooled in an ice bath to separate the organic phase.	GC-MS	[35]
High-fat smoked salmon	Parent and substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons	Four QuEChERS extraction methods were tested. Optimized QuEChERS involved extraction with 2 : 2 : 1 (v/v/v) acetone/ethyl acetate/isooctane in the presence of AOAC or EN salts, followed by d-SPE with Sampli-Q AOAC fatty sample d-SPE tubes.	GC-MS	[36]
Fish muscle and liver tissues	Personal care products (biocides, synthetic musks, and benzotriazoles)	Homogenized fish muscle (2 g) or fish liver (0.5 g) was extracted with 1% AcOH in MeCN (10 mL) in the presence of MgSO4 and NaOAc, followed by d-SPE using PSA, MgSO4, and C18. The sample was evaporated and redissolved before analysis.	UPLC-MS/MS and GC-MS	[37]
Fish (carp and sturgeon)	Organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides	Homogenized fish muscle (5 g) was extracted with MeCN (10 mL) in the presence of Na2HCit·1.5H2O, Na3Cit·2H2O, NaCl, and MgSO4. A dual d-SPE cleanup was performed, using PSA + SAX + NH2, followed by C18 and CHCl3 addition and freezing-out to remove fats.	GC/Q-MS	[38]
Fish (catfish)	PCBs	Homogenized sample (3 g) was extracted with water (5 mL) and MeCN (30 mL) in the presence of MgSO4 and NaCl; d-SPE was performed with MgSO4, PSA, and C18.	GC-MS	[39]
Fish	Quinolones	Homogenized fish (5 g) was extracted with 5% HCOOH in MeCN (10 mL) in the presence of MgSO4, NaCl, NaOAc, and Na2HCit·1.5H2O, followed by d-SPE using C18 and MgSO4. The extract was dried and redissolved before analysis.	UHPLC-FLD	[40]
Fish	Organochlorine pesticides	Homogenized fish (5 g) was extracted with MeCN (5 mL) in the presence of MgSO4 and NaCl, followed by d-SPE with PSA + DLLME-SFO with 1-undecanol + water, and the sample was cooled in an ice bath to separate the organic phase.	GC-ECD	[41]
Bivalves	Pharmaceuticals	Frozen-dried sample (1 g) was mixed with 10 mL water and extracted with MeCN (10 mL) in the presence of EN salts, followed by cleanup with silica gel. The extract was dried and redissolved before analysis.	LC-MS/MS	[42]
Bivalves	Paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins	Homogenized sample (1 g) was extracted twice with 1% HCOOH (1 mL); protein was precipitated and d-SPE was performed using ABS Elut-NEXUS phase.	LC-MS	[43]
Honey	Nitrofuran metabolites and nitroimidazole	Honey (1 g) was extracted using 10 mL MeCN with MgSO4 and NaCl, without d-SPE. The extract was evaporated and redissolved before analysis.	LC-MS/MS	[44]
Honey	Pesticides	Honey (2.5 g) was heated in a water bath and extracted with 5 mL Na2EDTA + 5.0 mL MeCN in the presence of MgSO4 and NaCl, followed by d-SPE using PSA and MgSO4.	GC-ECD	[45]
Honey	Pesticides	Honey (5 g) dissolved in 10 mL water was extracted with 10 mL 1% AcOH in MeCN:EtOAc (70 : 30), in the presence of MgSO4 and NaOAc, followed by d-SPE using MgSO4, Florisil, and PSA.	UHPLC-MS/MS	[46]
Honey	Pesticides, PAHs, and PCBs	Honey (5 g) dissolved in 10 mL water was extracted with 10 mL MeCN in the presence of citrate salts, followed by d-SPE using PSA. Extracts were evaporated and redissolved; one part was directly analyzed by LC, whereas the other part was diluted with salted water and extracted with SPME for GC analysis.	LC-MS/MS, GC-MS/MS	[47]
Honey	Pyrrolizidine and tropane alkaloids	Homogenized honey (1.5 g) was dissolved with 0.1 M H2SO4 (10 mL), and Zn dust was added. After centrifugation, the sample was extracted with 10 mL MeCN in the presence of EN salts, followed by d-SPE with Q-Sep sorbent. The extract was dried and redissolved before analysis.	LC-HRMS	[48]