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The distinct role for insulin resistance and insulin actions in the kidney. The development of hyperinsulinemia in insulin resistance has a role in the development of kidney injury separate from that of obesity and the development of type 2 diabetes. FGS, focal glomerulosclerosis; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; NO, nitric oxide; RAAS, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; RPF, renal plasma flow.
