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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Apr 11.
Published in final edited form as: Int J Endocr Oncol. 2017 Oct 11;4(4):167–185. doi: 10.2217/ije-2017-0018

Table 2.

Causes of hypergastrinemia

  1. Appropriate (Physiological) hypergastrinemia with achlorhydria/hypochlorhydria

    1. Chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG)/pernicious anemia (common)

    2. Treatment with potent gastric acid antisecretory agents [especially PPIs] (common)

    3. Chronic renal failure (uncommon)

    4. Pangastritis H. pylori infection (common)

    5. Post acid-reducing surgery/vagotomy (uncommon)

  2. Inappropriate Hypergastrinemia with hyperchlorhydria

    1. Antral predominant H. pylori infection (common)

    2. Gastric outlet obstruction

    3. Antral G cell hyperfunction/hyperplasia (uncommon)

    4. Chronic renal failure (uncommon)

    5. Short bowel syndrome (rare)

    6. . Retained gastric antrum syndrome (rare)

    7. Juvenile polyposis of the stomach(rare)

    8. ZES (uncommon)

  3. Assay Error