Table 1.
Markers of stem cell proliferation and differentiation in different stages.
| Marker | Property | Affected cell type | Function | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hopx | atypical homeodomain only protein | NSCs | regulates hippocampal neurogenesis by modulating Notch signaling | [33] |
| Hes3 | basic helix-loop- helix gene | NSCs | promote the proliferation of NSCs maintain the undifferentiated state of NSCs |
[34, 35] |
| TRIP6 | zyxin family proteins | NSCs | promote the self-renewal and proliferation of NSCs | [36] |
| CycE | cyclin | NSCs | regulate neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus | [37] |
| JAM-C | surface protein | NSCs | maintain the pluripotency of NSCs | [38] |
| PtdGlc | lipid | NSCs | identify, isolate, and differentiate NSCs | [39] |
| CD9 | transmembrane protein | NSPCs | have an impact on the cell adhesion, migration, proliferation and differentiation | [40, 41] |
| CD15 | transmembrane protein | NSPCs | promote the survival of NSCs; promote the differentiation of NSCs into oligodendroglia |
[40, 42] |
| CD81 | transmembrane protein | NSPCs | control the cell migration | [40, 43] |
| S100β | acid calcium binding protein | NSPCs | regulate the proliferation of NSCs | [44] |
| CD133 | transmembrane protein | NPCs | promote the expansion of NSCs in vitro and its degree of specialization | [45, 46] |
| CD24 | transmembrane protein | NPCs | play an important role in self-renewal; maintain NSCs |
[45, 47, 48] |
| Pax2 | paired box gene | NPCs | regulate the migration and proliferation of nerve cells | [49] |
| NG2 | transmembrane proteoglycan | NPCs | regulate the migration of the oligodendrocyte precursor cells | [50, 51] |
| Nestin | intermediate filaments protein cytoskeletal protein | NSCs and NSPCs | be a marker for proliferating or migrating cells; participate in cytoskeleton formation; remodel cells along with other structural proteins; |
[52-55] |
| Musashi1 | RNA- binding protein | NSCs and NSPCs | determine the fate of stem cells; maintain the undifferentiated state of NSCs or NSPCs; |
[56-61] |
| Tub-II | cytoskeleton protein | NSCs and NSPCs | reflect the structural changes in the development of the brain | [62, 63] |
| SOX2 | high-mobility group proteins | NSCs and NSPCs | play a role in self-renewal and maintenance of NSCs; prevent the apoptosis of NSCs. |
[56, 64, 65] |
| SOX1 | high-mobility group proteins | NSCs and NSPCs | promote the self-renewal of NSCs | [66-68] |
| Sp8 | zinc finger protein | NSCs and NSPCs | maintain the undifferentiated state of NSCs | [69, 70] |
| S100A6i | low-molecular-weight calcium-binding proteins | NSCs and NPCs | promote the neurogenesis in the hippocampus; play an important role in the differentiation and maturation of astrocytes |
[71] |
| Prox1 | homeobox transcription factor | neuroblasts | play an important role in regulating the proliferation and differentiation of NSCs; maintain the intermediate progenitor cells |
[72, 73] |
| Cyc D1 | cyclin | neuroblasts | promote the proliferation of NSCs; inhibit their differentiation |
[74, 75, 204] |
| DCX | microtubule-associated protein | neuroblasts | regulate the migration of neural cells | [76, 77] |
The table lists the markers of NSCs proliferation and differentiation, the property of the markers, the cell type they affect, and their function in NSC proliferation and differentiation: Tub-II, tubulin beta II; SOX2, sex-determining region Y-box2; SOX1, sex-determining region Y-box1; Sp8, specificity protein 8; PAX2, paired box protein 2; Hopx, homeodomain only protein X; Hes3, hairy and enhancer of split 3; TRIP6, thyroid receptor-interacting protein 6; CycE, cyclinE;JAM-C, junctional adhesion molecule-C; PtdGlc, phosphatidylglucoside; S100β, S100 calcium-binding protein B; NG2, Neuron glia antigen 2; Cyc D1, Cyclin D1; Prox1, prospero homeobox protein 1; DCX, doublecortin; NSCs, neural stem cells; NSPCs, neural progenitor cells; NPCs, neural precursor cells.