Table 4.
Effects of active components of Chinese herbs on NSC proliferation and differentiation.
| Effective components of Chinese herbs | Origin | Categories of Chinese herbs | Affected cell type | Effects | Underlying mechanisms | In vivo or in vitro |
Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Ginsenoside Rg1 |
Panax ginseng C. A. Mey | Tonifying Qi herbs | NSCs and NSPCs | Promote the differentiation of NSCs and NSPCs | Increase the expression of SOX-2 and decrease the expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α; Enhance the role of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant | In vivo | [186, 187] |
|
Ginsenoside Rd |
Panax ginseng C. A. Mey | Tonifying Qi herbs | NSCs | Promote the proliferation of NSCs | Regulate the expression of neurotrophic factor 3 and activate the expression of iNOS and NMDA receptors | In vivo and in vitro | [188] |
| Oleanolic acid | Ligustrum lucidum Ait | Tonifying Yin herbs | NSCs and NPCs | Promote the self-renewal and differentiation of NSCs; Promote the neurogenesis in hippocampus | Increase the expression of tubulin and the ratio of tubulin /DAPI | In vivo and in vitro | [24] |
| Stilbene glucoside | Fallopia multiflora (Thunb.) Harald | Tonifying blood herbs | NSCs | Promote the self-renewal and differentiation of NSCs | Increase the expression of tubulin and the ratio of tubulin /DAPI | In vitro | [24] |
| Resveratrol | Fructus Mori | Tonifying Yin herbs | NSCs | Promote the survival and proliferation of NSCs | Up-regulate the expression of Ptch-1, Smo, Gli-1 protein and RNA | In vitro | [25, 158] |
| (+)-Cholesten-3-one | Chinemys reevesii (Gray) | Tonifying Yin herbs | NSCs | Induce NSCs into dopaminergic neurons | Activate BMP signal; Improve the expression of TH and BMPR-IB | In vitro | [189] |
| Psoralen | Psoralea corylifolia L. | Tonifying kidney herbs | NSCs | Increase the expression of GFAP protein in NSCs in vitro | Increase the expression of GFAP protein | In vitro | [190] |
| Icariin | Epimediumgrandiflorum Morr | Tonifying kidney herbs | NSCs | Promote the self-renewal and differentiation of NSCs | Mediate the related kinase signal transduction pathways | In vitro | [191] |
| Salvianolic acid B | Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge | Huoxuehuayu herbs | NSCs and NSPCs | Maintain the self-renewal of NSCs/NSPCs Promote the proliferation of NSCs | Regulate PI3K/Akt signaling pathway; Improve the expression of tau mRNA; Down-regulate the expression of mRNA GFAP | In vivo and in vitro | [192, 193] |
| TMP | Ligusticum wallichii Franch | Huoxuehuayu herbs | NSCs | Promote the proliferation and differentiation of NSCs | Increase the phosphorylation of erk1/2; Reduce the phosphorylation of p38 | In vitro | [194, 195] |
| PNS | Panax Notoginseng (Burk.) F.H. Chen | Huoxuehuayu herbs | NSCs | Promote the self-renewal, proliferation, and differentiation of NSCs | Improve the expression of tuj-1, vimentin, and nestin mRNA | In vitro | [196] |
| Bilobalide | Ginkgo biloba | Huoxuehuayu herbs | NSCs | Promote the proliferation of NSCs | Increase the phosphorylation of CREB and the level of the neurotrophic factor | In vivo | [197] |
| Berberine | Coptis chinensis Franch | Qingrejiedu herbs | NSCs | Inhibit cell cycle arrest Promote the survival and differentiation of NSCs |
Improve the activity of cell viability-dependent NMDA | In vivo and in vitro | [198] |
| Baicalein | Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi | Qingrejiedu herbs | NSCs and NPCs | Promote the differentiation of NPCs into neurons; Inhibit the apoptosis and promote the proliferation of NSCs |
Increase the expression of presynaptic protein, synapsin I, and PSD95 | In vivo | [199, 200] |
| Baicalin | Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi | Qingrejiedu herbs | NSCs and NSPCs | Determine the fate of NSCs; Promote the differentiation of NSCs and NSPCs | Reduce the expression of p-STAT3 and Hes1; Increase the expression of NeuroD1 and Mash1; Regulate the expressionof p-stat3 and bHLH protein family | In vivo and in vitro | [201, 202] |
| Paeoniflorin | Paeonia lactiflora Pall, Paeonia suffruticosa | Qingrejiedu herbs | NSCs and NSPCs | Promote the proliferation of nerve cells and inhibit the apoptosis of cells | Activate the PI3k/Akt-1 signaling pathway | In vitro | [203] |
The table lists the effects of active components of Chinese herbs on NSC proliferation and differentiation and the related mechanism, the cell type they affected, the Chinese herbs the components are extracted from, and the categories of Chinese herbs, including tonifying “Qi” herbs, blood herbs, “Yin” herbs, “Yang” herbs, and HuoXueHuayu herbs and Qingrejiedu herbs; PNS, panax notoginseng saponins; TMP, tramethylpyrazine; TNF-a, tumor necrosis factor a; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; NMDA, N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor; TH, tyrosine hydroxylase; BMPR-I, bone morphogenetic protein receptor IB; Patched1; Smo, Smoothened; PSD95, postsynaptic density proteins 95.