Table 3.

Direct and Indirect Effect of Negative Emotions on Quit Attempts, 5,439 smokers, by Country

	Australia (N = 1,127 smokers)	Canada (N = 1,290 smokers)	Mexico (N = 1,392 smokers)	US (N = 1,630 smokers)
Model 1: Mediation by Attention^a
Indirect effect	0.03^**	0.04^**	0.02^*	0.05^***
Direct effect	0.07^*	0.06^*	0.15^***	0.12^***
Total effect	0.10^***	0.10^***	0.17^***	1.16^***
Model 2: Mediation by Risk Concern^b
Indirect effect	0.05	0.07^**	0.03	0.07^**
Direct effect	0.05	0.03	0.15^***	0.09^**
Total effect	0.10^***	0.10^***	0.17^***	0.16^***
Model 3: Mediation by Avoiding^c
Indirect effect	0.03^**	0.03^**	0.02^*	0.06^***
Direct effect	0.08^*	0.07^*	0.16^***	0.12^***
Total effect	0.11^***	0.11^***	0.18^***	0.18^***
Model 4: Mediation by Forgoing^d
Indirect effect	0.10^***	0.07^***	0.09^***	0.07^***
Direct effect	0.03	0.05	0.10^***	0.12^***
Total effect	0.14^***	0.12^***	0.19^***	0.18^***

p<0.05,

^**

p<0.01,

^***

p<0.001

Note. All estimates are coefficients controlling for socio-demographics, smoking-related outcomes, self-efficacy, heaviness of smoking index, the number of survey participated, survey wave, and attention to warnings. Direct effect indicates the unmediated effect of negative emotions on quit attempts adjusting for a mediator, while indirect effect indicates the effect of negative emotions on quit attempts mediated by a mediator. Total effect is the sum of the direct effect and the indirect effect.

Models also controlled for attention to warnings.

Models also controlled for thinking about risks due to warnings.

Models also controlled for avoiding warnings.

Models also controlled for forgoing cigarettes due to warnings.