Table 4.

Direct and Indirect Effect of Negative Emotions on Quit Attempts, 5,439 smokers, by Country

	Australia (N = 1,127 smokers)	Canada (N = 1,290 smokers)	Mexico (N = 1,392 smokers)	US (N = 1,630 smokers)
Total Indirect effect	0.12***	0.12***	0.09***	0.13***
Attention	0.01	0.02	0.01	0.02
Risk concern	0.00	0.03	−0.02	0.03
Avoiding	0.02*	0.03**	0.01	0.05***
Forgoing	0.10***	0.06***	0.08***	0.04*
Direct effect	0.02	0.00	0.10**	0.06
Total effect	0.14***	0.12***	0.19***	0.19***

^*p<0.05,

^**p<0.01,

^***p<0.001.

Note: All figures are coefficients controlling for socio-demographics, smoking-related outcomes, self-efficacy, heaviness of smoking index, the number of survey participated, and survey wave. Direct effect indicates the unmediated effect of negative emotions on quit attempts adjusting for a mediator, while indirect effect indicates the effect of negative emotions on quit attempts mediated by a mediator. Total effect is the sum of the direct effect and the indirect effect.