Table 2.
Incidence rate ratios from multi-level Poisson Regressions for the independent effects of individual and county-level religious participation on corporal punishment and physical abuse
| Variable Name (reference group) | Corporal Punishment | Physical Abuse | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IRR | 95% CI | IRR | 95% CI | |
| Intercept | 23.246 | (10.619,50.887) | 4.654 | (0.304,71.243) |
| Level 1: Parent Level | ||||
| Control Variables | ||||
| Male Focal Child (Female) | 1.202 | (1.127,1.273) | 1.405 | (1.175,1.682) |
| Age, Focal Child | 0.994 | (0.994,0.996) | 0.995 | (0.992, 0.999) |
| Men (Women) | 1.268 | (1.193,1.350) | 1.138 | (0.939,1.380) |
| Parental Age | 0.963 | (0.9595,0.968) | 1.003 | (0.991,1.016) |
| Number of children | 1.022 | (0.992,1.053) | 1.138 | (1.042,1.243) |
| Married/Cohabitating (Single) | 1.145 | (1.034,1.269) | 0.752 | (0.566,0.930) |
| Race/Ethnicity (White) | ||||
| Asian American | 1.451 | (1.282,1.644) | 1.757 | (1.262,2.447) |
| African American | 2.001 | (1.779,2.252) | 2.479 | (1.814,3.388) |
| Hispanic | 0.862 | (0.797,0.934) | 0.973 | (0.771,1.229) |
| Multi-racial | 1.165 | (1.020,1.332) | 0.422 | (0.232,0.769) |
| Other race | 2.127 | (1.870,2.421) | 1.307 | (0.773,2.213) |
| Income | 1.014 | (0.995,1.034) | 0.901 | (0.850,0.956) |
| Impulsivity | 1.077 | (1.057,1.098) | 1.204 | (1.148,1.265) |
| Depression | 0.930 | (0.852,1.016) | 1.318 | (1.005,1.730) |
| Anxiety | 1.235 | (1.161,1.314) | 0.705 | (0.577,0.863) |
| Alcohol Use (Current Drinker) | ||||
| Abstainer | 0.697 | (0.610,0.797) | 0.382 | (0.242,0.607) |
| Social Support | 0.986 | (0.980,0.992) | 0.976 | (0.958,0.995) |
| Neighborhood Group Attendance | 0.882 | (0.823,0.946) | 0.858 | (0.699,1.056) |
| Social Group Attendance | 0.988 | (0.995,1.034) | 1.063 | (0.877,1.289) |
| Religious Group Attendance | 1.079 | (1.018,1.144) | 0.833 | (0.692,1.003) |
| Level 2: City/County Level | ||||
| Percentage of Republicans | 1.013 | (1.002,1.025) | 0.971 | (0.931,1.014) |
| Rate of Religious Participation | 0.997 | (0.996,0.999) | 0.997 | (0.992,1.003) |
Note: Bolded IRRs are statistically significant at the p < .05 level