Table 3.
Covariate Means, Standard Errors, Z Scores, and Differences Between Latent Classes
| Covariate | Full Sample (unweighted) |
Residence-centered (n = 302)
|
Inclusive (n =307)
|
Unhappy couple(n = 350)
|
Parent-child disconnection (n = 223) |
Class differences, p ≤ .05 |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | mean Z score |
M | SE | mean Z score |
M | SE | mean Z score |
M | SE | mean Z score |
M | SE | mean Z score |
||
| Youth is female | 0.53 | 0.48 | (0.04) | 0.44 | (0.04) | 0.44 | (0.05) | 0.72 | (0.05) | 4 > 1, 2, 3 | |||||
| Youth age | 15.64 | 0.00 | 15.49 | (0.23) | −0.09 | 15.20 | (0.20) | −0.26 | 15.29 | (0.22) | −0.20 | 15.87 | (0.17) | 0.14 | 4 > 2, 3 |
| Youth racial/ethnic identity | |||||||||||||||
| White | 0.62 | 0.68 | (0.05) | 0.79 | (0.04) | 0.70 | (0.05) | 0.79 | (0.05) | 2, 4 > 1 | |||||
| Black | 0.19 | 0.14 | (0.03) | 0.10 | (0.03) | 0.15 | (0.04) | 0.13 | (0.04) | ||||||
| Hispanic | 0.14 | 0.10 | (0.03) | 0.07 | (0.02) | 0.12 | (0.03) | 0.06 | (0.02) | ||||||
| Asian/Native American/Other | 0.04 | 0.08 | (0.03) | 0.01 | (0.01) | 0.02 | (0.01) | 0.02 | (0.01) | 1 > 2, 4 | |||||
| Mother education | 2.57 | 0.00 | 2.43 | (0.09) | −0.15 | 2.76 | (0.09) | 0.21 | 2.55 | (0.09) | −0.02 | 2.51 | (0.14) | −0.06 | 2 > 1 |
| Stepfather education | 2.59 | 0.00 | 2.47 | (0.11) | −0.13 | 2.69 | (0.11) | 0.10 | 2.52 | (0.09) | −0.07 | 2.64 | (0.11) | 0.04 | |
| Household income (in thousands) | 50.02 | 0.00 | 50.40 | (3.72) | 0.01 | 58.04 | (4.61) | 0.18 | 45.03 | (2.64) | −0.11 | 49.15 | (4.36) | −0.02 | 2 > 3 |
| Married (vs. cohabiting) | 0.87 | 0.87 | (0.03) | 0.90 | (0.03) | 0.88 | (0.03) | 0.91 | (0.03) | ||||||
| Mother’s past relationships | 2.05 | 0.00 | 2.14 | (0.09) | 0.12 | 2.15 | (0.06) | 0.13 | 1.98 | (0.06) | −0.10 | 2.20 | (0.09) | 0.20 | 2 > 3 |
| Stepfamily duration | 6.73 | 0.00 | 6.65 | (0.44) | −0.02 | 5.54 | (0.34) | −0.29 | 6.80 | (0.35) | 0.02 | 7.39 | (0.46) | 0.16 | 1, 3, 4 > 2 |
| Household composition | 3.77 | 0.00 | 3.85 | (0.19) | 0.06 | 3.65 | (0.11) | −0.08 | 3.56 | (0.13) | −0.14 | 3.61 | (0.12) | −0.11 | |
| Stepcouple stability | 0.81 | 0.96 | (0.02) | 0.88 | (0.02) | 0.63 | (0.03) | 0.83 | (0.03) | 1 > 2, 3, 4; 2, 4 > 3 | |||||
| Youth depressiona | 0.70 | 0.00 | 0.56 | (0.03) | −0.28 | 0.57 | (0.03) | −0.26 | 0.61 | (0.05) | −0.18 | 1.11 | (0.09) | 0.83 | 4 > 1, 2, 3 |
| Youth delinquencya | 0.19 | 0.00 | 0.10 | (0.02) | −0.27 | 0.16 | (0.02) | −0.10 | 0.27 | (0.04) | 0.26 | 0.17 | (0.04) | −0.07 | 2, 3, 4 > 1; 3 > 2 |
| Youth self-esteemb | 4.08 | 0.00 | 4.30 | (0.05) | 0.37 | 4.17 | (0.05) | 0.16 | 4.17 | (0.04) | 0.15 | 3.53 | (0.07) | −0.91 | 1 > 2, 3, 4; 2, 3 > 4 |
Note: Means and mean differences were estimated using the 3-step procedure. Estimates were derived from weighted data and standard errors were adjusted for potential within-school clustering. Means represent class-specific proportions for binary/dummy variables. Mean Z scores are only presented for continuous items.
a
Range: 0 to 3.
b
Range: 1 to 5.