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. 2018 Jan 4;8:1644. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01644

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Copyright © 2018 Hamacher, Hadizamani, Borgmann, Mohaupt, Männel, Moehrlen, Lucas and Stammberger.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Severe lung injury. Severe lung injury may usually lead to decreased edema clearance. Severe injury usually includes alveolar epithelial injury and, thus, increases epithelial permeability and electrolytes and is associated with reduced epithelial Na⁺ transport. Inflammatory mediators are involved in this response, such as proteases, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), TGF-β, nitric oxide (NO), and oxidants. Possibly the intensity of the inflammatory response may transform a mild to a severe lung injury form by inducing changes in function and integrity of the alveolar epithelium and endothelium (4).