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. 2018 Jan 8;8:85. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-18391-x

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Cladogram of strains transmitted across three generations. Phylogenetic tree representing the relationships between five strains putatively transmitted across three generations. The tree was calculated based on the nucleotide sequence of 642 single-core gene families among 145 B. longum strains analysed in this study (see Supplementary Table S5). B. longum subsp. longum JCM 1217 ^T was used as an outgroup. Isolation source for each strain is shown in parenthesis (blue: male; red: female). Same symbols indicate strains predicted to be transmitted between family members.