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. 2018 Jan 8;8:67. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-18464-x

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Localization of activated STAT1 and IRF1 in rotavirus-infected and bystander cells. HT-29 cells were infected with RRV at a m.o.i. of 1 or mock-infected. After 7 h cells were fixed, permeabilised and stained with antibodies to rotavirus VP6 and phosphorylated STAT1 (pSTAT1; a,b) or VP6 and IRF1 (c,d). Nuclei were stained with DAPI and representative images obtained by confocal microscopy. The VP6-positive (infected) cells in the merged images are indicated with white asterisks. Nuclear to cytoplasmic fluorescence ratios (Fn/c) of pSTAT1 (b) and IRF1 (d) were calculated for the uninfected and infected cell populations, analysing 7 to 14 randomly selected cells of each population type from 2 independent experiments. Images were obtained at ×1000 magnification. ***P < 0.0001.