Figure 2.

Typical ¹H NMR spectra (600 MHz) of metabolite extracts from (A) wild-type (WT) and transgenic A. thaliana expressing (B) Chi, (C) CWP2, and (D) Chi-CWP2 after FG challenge. The spectra region δ 9.50–5.25 was vertically expanded 8 times. Metabolite keys: 1, leucine (Leu); 2, isoleucine (Ile); 3, valine (Val); 4, ethanol; 5, threonine (Thr); 6, lysine (Lys); 7, alanine (Ala); 8, arginine (Arg); 9, γ-aminobutyrate (GABA); 10, acetate; 11, proline (Pro); 12, glutamate (Glu); 13, glutamine (Gln); 14, pyruvate (Pyr); 15, succinate (Succ); 16, malate (Mal); 17, α-ketoglutarate (α-KG); 18, citrate (Cit); 19, aspartate (Asp); 20, asparagine (Asn); 21, dimethylamine; 22, ethanolamine (EA); 23, phenylalanine (Phe); 24, choline (Cho); 25, phosphocholine (PC); 26, betaine; 27, methanol; 28, tryptophan (Trp); 29, myo-inositol (mIno); 30, glycine (Gly); 31, fructose (Fru); 32, sucrose (Suc); 33, maltose; 34, N-methylnicotinate; 35, β-glucose (β-Glc); 36, α-glucose (α-Glc); 37a, α-arabinose (α-Arab); 37b, β-arabinose (β-Arab); 38a, α-galactose (α-Gal); 38b, β-galactose (β-Gal); 39, uridine (Uri); 40, uracil (Ura); 41, raffinose; 42, guanosine (Guan); 43, inosine (Ino); 44, hypoxanthine (Hyp); 45, adenosine (Aden); 46, sinapate; 47, fumarate (Fum); 48, polyphenolics; 49, tyrosine (Tyr); 50, histidine (His); 51, formate (Form); 52, sarcosine; 53, methionine (Met); 54, NAD⁺; 55, dimethylglycine; 56, α-aminobutyrate; 57, ethylmalonate; 58, α-ketoisovalerate; 59–67, unknown 1–9.