Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the eyes (n = 230), organized by study group
| Variables | Healthy controls (n = 45) | No DR (n = 30) | Mild or moderate NPDR (n = 41) | Severe NPDR (n = 40) | PDR (n = 8) | PRP treated DR(n = 35) | CSME(n = 31) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of eyes | 45 | 30 | 41 | 40 | 8 | 35 | 31 | — |
| Age, years | 57.47 ± 12.87 | 57.50 ± 15.65 | 59.17 ± 13.30 | 59.83 ± 12.26 | 58.50 ± 6.78 | 54.09 ± 12.77 | 59.10 ± 10.62 | 0.058 |
| Sex, n (%) | 0.232 | |||||||
| Female | 33 | 16 | 21 | 23 | 3 | 24 | 18 | |
| Male | 12 | 14 | 20 | 17 | 5 | 11 | 13 | |
| Years with diabetes | — | 6.97 ± 6.89 | 12.59 ± 9.44 | 11.56 ± 5.51 | 12.25 ± 5.63 | 12.57 ± 7.21 | 9.74 ± 6.44 | 0.006 |
| HbA1c,% | — | 6.60 ± 0.86 | 7.43 ± 1.27 | 7.60 ± 1.31 | 7.73 ± 0.36 | 8.34 ± 2.02 | 7.11 ± 1.19 | <0.001 |
| Fasting blood sugar | — | 138.79 ± 50.78 | 150.31 ± 49.65 | 167.94 ± 53.22 | 153.38 ± 38.10 | 174.66 ± 49.52 | 153.00 ± 63.07 | 0.043 |
| Systolic BP | — | 123.39 ± 12.86 | 129.17 ± 13.33 | 126.00 ± 12.90 | 128.00 ± 8.91 | 124.52 ± 9.65 | 121.67 ± 16.04 | 0.243 |
| Diastolic BP | — | 77.71 ± 9.93 | 77.69 ± 7.55 | 74.81 ± 12.39 | 81.63 ± 9.33 | 79.28 ± 9.76 | 72.63 ± 11.71 | 0.119 |
| Ophthalmologic examination | ||||||||
| BCVA, logMAR | 0.07 ± 0.11 | 0.06 ± 0.09 | 0.07 ± 0.10 | 0.09 ± 0.11 | 0.08 ± 0.09 | 0.22 ± 0.18 | 0.34 ± 0.31 | <0.001 |
| SE, diopter | −0.71 ± 1.88 | −0.31 ± 1.61 | −0.11 ± 1.52 | −0.59 ± 1.51 | −0.27 ± 2.85 | −1.15 ± 1.96 | −0.44 ± 1.53 | 0.157 |
| IOP, mmHg | 14.51 ± 2.99 | 15.27 ± 3.36 | 14.34 ± 3.23 | 15.13 ± 2.89 | 17.00 ± 3.12 | 17.17 ± 3.34 | 14.81 ± 2.94 | 0.005 |
Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (95% confidence interval).
Statistically significant P values are highlighted as bold (Kruskal Wallis test).
BCVA, best-corrected visual acuity; BP, blood pressure; CSME, clinically significant macular edema; DR, diabetic retinopathy; IOP, intraocular pressure; logMAR, logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution; NPDR, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy; PDR, proliferative retinopathy; PRP, panretinal photocoagulation; SE, spherical equivalent.