Table 3.
Quality of the included studies
| Study | Sequence generation | Allocation concealment | Incomplete outcome data | Selective outcome reporting | Availability of treatment manual | Use of training for therapy providers | Treatment integrity was checked | Quality classificationa |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Balfour et al. [35] | + | + | + | ? | + | + | ? | High |
| Berger et al. [36] | + | + | + | + | + | + | ? | High |
| Boivin et al. [37] | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | + | + | Low |
| Boivin et al. [38] | ? | ? | + | ? | ? | + | + | Medium |
| Bormann et al. [39] | + | ? | + | ? | + | ? | + | Medium |
| Brazier et al. [23] | + | ? | – | ? | ? | ? | ? | Low |
| Brown et al. [40] | + | ? | + | ? | NA | NA | NA | Medium |
| Carrico et al. [41] | + | ? | + | ? | + | ? | + | Medium |
| Carrico et al. [42] | + | ? | + | ? | + | ? | + | Medium |
| Chan et al. [43] | ? | ? | – | ? | + | ? | ? | Low |
| Chang et al. [44] | + | + | + | ? | NA | NA | NA | High |
| Chhatre et al. [45] | ? | ? | – | ? | ? | + | ? | Low |
| Côté and Pepler [46] | ? | ? | – | ? | + | ? | + | Low |
| Duncan et al. [47] | + | ? | ? | ? | ? | + | ? | Low |
| Eller et al. [48] | ? | ? | ? | ? | NA | NA | NA | Low |
| Erlen et al. [49] | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | + | + | Low |
| Fife et al. [50] | ? | ? | – | ? | + | ? | + | Low |
| Gayner et al. [51] | + | + | + | ? | + | ? | ? | Medium |
| Heckman and Carlson [52] | ? | ? | + | ? | + | ? | + | Medium |
| Heckman et al. [53] | + | ? | + | ? | + | ? | + | Medium |
| Heckman et al. [54] | + | ? | + | ? | + | – | + | Medium |
| Hersch et al. [55] | ? | ? | + | ? | NA | NA | NA | Low |
| Ironson et al. [56] | ? | ? | + | ? | NA | NA | NA | Low |
| Jensen et al. [57] | ? | ? | + | ? | + | + | + | Medium |
| Kaaya et al. [58] | + | + | – | ? | ? | + | ? | Medium |
| Kalichman et al. [59] | + | + | – | ? | + | ? | + | Medium |
| Klein et al. [60] | + | + | ? | ? | NA | NA | NA | Medium |
| Kraaij et al. [61] | + | ? | – | ? | NA | NA | NA | Low |
| Lechner et al. [62] | ? | ? | – | ? | + | + | + | Medium |
| Li et al. [63] | ? | ? | ? | ? | + | + | ? | Low |
| Lovejoy [64] | + | + | + | ? | + | + | + | High |
| McCain et al. [65] | + | + | + | ? | + | + | ? | High |
| Miles et al. [66] | + | ? | + | ? | ? | + | + | Medium |
| Miller et al. [67] | ? | ? | – | ? | ? | + | ? | Low |
| Mitrani et al. [68] | ? | ? | + | ? | + | + | + | Medium |
| Murphy et al. [69] | + | ? | – | ? | + | ? | ? | Low |
| Murphy et al. [70] | ? | ? | + | ? | + | ? | ? | Low |
| O’Leary et al. [71] | + | ? | – | ? | + | + | ? | Medium |
| Olley [72] | ? | ? | ? | ? | + | ? | ? | Low |
| Pacella et al. [73] | ? | ? | + | ? | + | + | + | Medium |
| Peltzer et al. [74] | + | ? | ? | ? | + | ? | ? | Low |
| Petersen et al. [75] | + | ? | – | ? | + | + | + | Medium |
| Ransom et al. [76] | ? | ? | + | ? | + | + | + | Medium |
| Rao et al. [24] | ? | ? | + | ? | ? | ? | ? | Low |
| Rotherham-Borus et al. [25] | ? | ? | + | + | + | + | + | High |
| Safren et al. [77] | ? | ? | + | ? | + | ? | + | Medium |
| Safren et al. [78] | ? | ? | + | ? | + | + | + | Medium |
| Sarna et al. [22] | + | + | ? | ? | ? | + | + | Medium |
| SeyedAlinaghi et al. [79] | + | ? | – | + | + | + | ? | Medium |
| Shuter et al. [80] | + | ? | + | + | NA | NA | NA | High |
| Sikkema et al. [81–84] | ? | ? | – | ? | + | + | + | Medium |
| Simoni et al. [85] | + | + | – | ? | ? | + | + | Medium |
| Simoni et al. [86] | + | + | + | ? | + | + | + | High |
| Stein et al. [26] | ? | ? | – | ? | + | + | + | Medium |
| Szapocznik et al. [87] | + | ? | + | ? | + | + | + | High |
| Van Tam et al. [88] | ? | ? | – | ? | ? | + | + | Low |
| Vidrine et al. [89] | + | ? | ? | ? | ? | + | ? | Low |
| Webel [90] | ? | ? | + | ? | ? | + | ? | Low |
| Weber et al. [27] | + | + | ? | ? | + | + | + | High |
| Williams et al. [91] | + | ? | + | ? | ? | + | ? | Medium |
| Williams et al. [92] | ? | ? | – | ? | ? | + | ? | Low |
| Williams et al. [93] | ? | ? | – | ? | ? | + | ? | Low |
+ low risk of bias, − high risk of bias; ? unclear risk of bias; NA = not applicable (e.g., when the intervention is a self-help program)
aquality classification, this was calculated by adding up the low risk of bias ratings (see “Method” section)