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. 2018 Jan 8;9:73. doi: 10.1038/s41467-017-02649-z

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Results of the multilevel phylogenetic meta-analyses. The weighted mean correlation (Zr) betwen feather color richness and measures of individual quality. a The strength of the association was calculated for all published studies without consideration of the carotenoid type in the feathers of the study bird (Combined, gray circles, number of effect sizes (n) = 191), for only studies of bird species with plumage coloration derived from converted carotenoids (red circles, n = 92), and for only studies of bird species with plumage coloration derived from dietary carotenoids (yellow circles, n = 99). Proxies of quality were divided into (b), body condition (overall: n = 35, converted: n = 18, dietary: n = 17), (c) immune and oxidative physiology (overall: n = 42, converted: n = 21, dietary: n = 21), (d) parasite resistance (overall: n = 49, converted: n = 30, dietary: n = 19), and (e) aspects of parental and reproductive quality (overall: n = 65, converted: n = 23, dietary: n = 42). Circle size is inversely proportional to the variance of the mean effect size. Horizontal lines are error bars that represent 95% credible intervals. Effect size estimates with credible intervals that do not include zero are statistically significant effects (α = 0.05)