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. 2018 Jan 8;8:40. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-17800-5

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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HO-1 is upregulated in experimental bone tumors and in metastatic tissues from prostate cancer patients. (A) Immunohistochemical analysis of HO-1 in intratibial (Left) and subcutaneous (Right) tumors from mice on low-fat diet vs high-fat diet. Itratibial HFD tumors show increased HO-1 staining. Serial sections without incubation with a primary antibody were used as a control (Inset). (B) HO-1 gene expression is increased in bone tumors but not subcutaneous tumors from mice with diet-induced obesity; Data are representative of 3 experiments. (**p < 0.01 is considered statistically significant). (C) Oncomine database analysis reveals significant upregulation of HO-1 in metastatic tumors compared to primary tumors in patients across five different databases. (D) Immunohistochemical analysis of cytokeratin-18 (CK18, Left) and HO-1 (Right) in bone core biopsies of metastatic prostate cancer tumors collected under KCI-approved protocol. CK18 was used as a control for tumor cell-specific marker in the bone microenvironment. Serial sections without incubation with a primary antibody were used as a control (Inset).