Table 3.
Factors associated with positive oral HPV DNA at univariable and multivariable analysis
| Positive HPV DNA (n/total) | Univariate analysis | Multivariable analysis§ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p | aOR (95% CI) | p | ||
| Age, years | |||||
| ≥ 45 | 26/146 | 1 | 1 | ||
| < 45 | 38/159 | 1.45 (0.83–2.54) | 0.193 | 1.09 (0.59–2.00) | 0.791 |
| Current use of recreational drugs | |||||
| No or former | 49/258 | 1 | 1 | 0.422 | |
| Yes | 15/47 | 2.0 (1.01–3.98) | 0.048* | 1.36 (0.64–2.90) | |
| Current cigarette smoking | |||||
| No or former | 28/160 | 1 | |||
| Yes | 36/145 | 1.58 (0.89–2.71) | 0.118 | ||
| Duration of HIV infection, years | |||||
| < 2 | 11/55 | 1 | |||
| 2–4 | 13/80 | 0.78 (0.32–1.89) | 0.576 | ||
| > 4 | 35/142 | 1.23 (0.58–2.61) | 0.587 | ||
| cART | |||||
| No | 4/16 | 1 | |||
| Yes | 60/289 | 0.79 (0.25–2.52) | 0.686 | ||
| CD4+ cell count/μl | |||||
| ≥ 200 | 58/297 | 1 | 1 | ||
| < 200 | 6/8 | 12.36 (2.43–62.83) | 0.002* | 12.58 (2.19–72.30) | 0.005* |
| HIV RNA, copies/mL, | |||||
| Not detected or detectable ≤40 | 52/268 | 1 | 0.072‡ | 1 | 0.277 |
| > 40 | 12/37 | 1.99 (0.94–4.23) | 1.59 (0.69–3.70) | ||
| Type of sexual partner | |||||
| Heterosexual | 5/33 | 1 | |||
| Homosexual | 28/135 | 1.47 (0.52–4.14) | 0.471 | ||
| Bisexual | 31/137 | 1.64 (0.58–4.60) | 0.349 | ||
| N. of sexual partners in lifetime | |||||
| < 10 | 2/27 | 1 | |||
| 10–100 | 14/126 | 1.56 (0.33–7.32) | 0.571 | ||
| > 100 | 48/152 | 5.77 (1.31–25.35) | 0.020* | ||
| N. of sexual partners in the last 12 months | |||||
| 0–1 | 16/120 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 2–5 | 17/80 | 1.75 (0.83–3.72) | 0.143 | 2.01 (0.90–4.49) | 0.090‡ |
| > 5 | 31/105 | 2.72 (1.39–5.34) | 0.004* | 2.78 (1.30–5.93) | 0.008* |
| Oral sex | |||||
| No or insertive | 3/30 | 1 | |||
| Receptive/both | 61/275 | 2.57 (0.75–8.74) | 0.132 | ||
| Anal HPV DNA | |||||
| Negative | 5/45 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Positive | 59/260 | 2.35 (0.89–6.22) | 0.086‡ | 1.72 (0.63–4.68) | 0.289 |
| History of anal/genital condylomatosis | |||||
| No | 33/193 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 31/112 | 1.86 (1.06–3.24) | 0.030* | 1.42 (0.78–2.58) | 0.252 |
OR odds ratio, aOR adjusted odds ratio, cART combination antiretroviral therapy
§ In the model all variables found to be associated with positive oral HPV DNA at univariate analysis at p < 0.10 were included, forcing age. The variable “N. of sexual partner in the previous 12 months” instead of “N. of sexual partners in lifetime” was used to avoid collinearity
* p < 0.05; ‡ p < 0.10