Table 4.

Relationship between different variables and esophageal squamous dysplasia in asymptomatic adults from the Golestan Province, Iran

Variables	Total number of subjects*	Number (%) of subjects with dysplasia	Univariate analysis			Multivariate analysis
			Crude OR	95% CI	P-value	Adjusted OR	95% CI	P-value
Gender
Male	128	7 (5.5)	—	—	0.76	—	—	0.16
Female	174	11 (6.3)	1.17	0.44–3.10		2.89	0.65–12.87
Age group
<53 years	145	4 (2.8)	—	—	0.03	—	—	0.003
≥53 years	157	14 (8.9)	3.45	1.28–12.75		7.70	1.99–29.87
Ethnicity
Non-Turkmen	194	5 (2.6)	—	—	0.002	—	—	0.001
Turkmen	108	13 (12)	5.66	1.11–10.74		8.61	2.48–29.83
Oral health
Good	139	8 (5.8)	—	—	0.78	—	—	0.46
Poor	153	10 (6.5)	1.14	0.44–2.99		0.65	0.21–2.03
Using deep frying method
No	159	5 (3.1)	—	—	0.03	—	—	0.03
Yes	133	13 (9.8)	3.34	1.16–9.62		4.65	1.19–18.22
Smoking
No	239	15 (6.3)	—	—	0.87	—	—	0.95
Yes	53	3 (5.7)	0.9	0.25–3.21		0.94	0.16–5.54
Opium use
No	260	16 (6.2)	—	—	0.98	—	—	0.66
Yes	32	2 (6.2)	1.02	0.22–4.64		1.52	0.23–10.02
Body mass index
Normal	78	5 (6.4)	—	—	0.92	—	—	0.78
Overweight/obese	214	13 (6.1)	0.94	0.32–2.74		0.84	0.25–2.82
Tea temperature
Cold	211	12 (5.7)	—	—	0.59	—	—	0.71
Hot	81	6 (7.4)	1.33	0.48–3.66		1.25	0.39–4.04
Education
None	100	7 (7.0)	—	—	0.79	-	—	0.14
Primary school	72	5 (6.9)	0.99	0.30–3.26		4.58	0.88–23.77
Secondary school or higher	120	6 (5.0)	0.70	0.23–2.15		5.31	0.85–33.23

^*Subjects with missing data were excluded