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. 2018 Jan 8;17:9. doi: 10.1186/s12933-017-0648-x

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 1 — Effects of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition are mediated by potentiation of both stromal cell-derived factor-1 and glucagon-like peptide-1. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors potentiate the actions of both stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). These two peptides appear to exert opposing effects on atherosclerotic plaque growth and stability as well as on podocyte injury and glomerulosclerosis in the diabetic kidney. The effects of DPP-4 inhibitors on natriuresis as well as on cardiac inflammation, fibrosis and remodeling are primarily mediated by SDF-1